Chapter 4 - Methods and Encapsulation

Q. 4 Which of the following compile? (Choose all that apply) A. public void moreA(int... nums) {} B. public void moreB(String values, int... nums) {} C. public void moreC(int... nums, String values) {} D. public void moreD(String... values, int... nums) {} E. public void moreE(String[] values, ...int nums) {} F. public void moreF(String... values, int[] nums) {} G. public void moreG(String[] values, int[] nums) {}

A, B, G. Options A and B are correct because the single vararg parameter is the last parameter declared. Option G is correct because it doesn't use any vararg parameters at all. Options C and F are incorrect because the vararg parameter is not last. Option D is incorrect because two vararg parameters are not allowed in the same method. Option E is incorrect because the ... for a vararg must be after the type, not before it.

3 Which of the following methods compile? (Choose all that apply) A. public void methodA() { return;} B. public void methodB() { return null;} C. public void methodD() {} D. public int methodD() { return 9;} E. public int methodE() { return 9.0;} F. public int methodF() { return;} G. public int methodG() { return null;}

A, C, D. Options A and C are correct because a void method is allowed to have a return statement as long as it doesn't try to return a value. Options B and G do not compile because null requires a reference object as the return type. void is not a reference object since it is a marker for no return type. int is not a reference object since it is a primitive. Option D is correct because it returns an int value. Option E does not compile because it tries to return a double when the return type is int. Since a double cannot be assigned to an int, it cannot be returned as one either. Option F does not compile because no value is actually returned.

29 Which lambda can replace the MySecret class to return the same value? (Choose all that apply) interface Secret { String magic(double d); } class MySecret implements Secret { public String magic(double d) { return "Poof"; } } A. caller((e) -> "Poof"); B. caller((e) -> {"Poof"}); C. caller((e) -> { String e = ""; "Poof" }); D. caller((e) -> { String e = ""; return "Poof"; }); E. caller((e) -> { String e = ""; return "Poof" }); F. caller((e) -> { String f = ""; return "Poof"; });

A, F. Option B is incorrect because it does not use the return keyword. Options C, D, and E are incorrect because the variable e is already in use from the lambda and cannot be redefined. Additionally, option C is missing the return keyword and option E is missing the semicolon.

19 Which of these classes compile and use a default constructor? (Choose all that apply) A. public class Bird { } B. public class Bird { public bird() {} } C. public class Bird { public bird(String name) {} } D. public class Bird { public Bird() {} } E. public class Bird { Bird(String name) {} } F. public class Bird { private Bird(int age) {} } G. public class Bird { void Bird() { } }

A, G. Options B and C don't compile because the constructor name must match the classname. Since Java is case sensitive, these don't match. Options D, E, and F all compile and provide one user-defined constructor. Since a constructor is coded, a default constructor isn't supplied. Option G defines a method, but not a constructor. Option A does not define a constructor, either. Since no constructor is coded, a default constructor is provided for options A and G.

9 Which are methods using JavaBeans naming conventions for accessors and mutators? (Choose all that apply) A. public boolean isCanSwim() { return canSwim; } B. public boolean canSwim() { return numberWings;} C. public int getNumberWings() { return numberWings;} D. public int numWings() { return numberWings;} E. public void setCanSwim(boolean b) { canSwim = b; }

A,C, E. Option A is correct because the property is of type boolean and getters must begin with is for booleans. Options B and D are incorrect because they don't follow the naming convention of beginning with get/is/set. Options C and E follow normal getter and setter conventions.

28 Which of the following lambda expressions can fill in the blank? (Choose all that apply) List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(); list.removeIf(___________________); A. s -> s.isEmpty() B. s -> {s.isEmpty()} C. s -> {s.isEmpty();} D. s -> {return s.isEmpty();} E. String s -> s.isEmpty() F. (String s) -> s.isEmpty()

A, D, F. removeIf() expects a Predicate, which takes a parameter list of one parameter using the specified type. Options B and C are incorrect because they do not use the return keyword. It is required inside braces for lambda bodies. Option E is incorrect because it is missing the parentheses around the parameter list. This is only optional for a single parameter with an inferred type.

2 Which of the following compile? (Choose all that apply) A. final static void method4() { } B. public final int void method() { } C. private void int method() { } D. static final void method3() { } E. void final method() {} F. void public method() { }

A, D. Options A and D are correct because the optional specifiers are allowed in any order. Options B and C are incorrect because they each have two return types. Options E and F are incorrect because the return type is before the optional specifier and access modifier, respectively.

25 Which of the following are true about the following code? (Choose all that apply) public class Create { Create() { System.out.print("1 "); } Create(int num) { System.out.print("2 "); } Create(Integer num) { System.out.print("3 "); } Create(Object num) { System.out.print("4 "); } Create(int... nums) { System.out.print("5 "); } public static void main(String[] args) { new Create(100); new Create(1000L); } } A. The code prints out 2 4. B. The code prints out 3 4. C. The code prints out 4 2. D. The code prints out 4 4. E. The code prints 3 4 if you remove the constructor Create(int num). F. The code prints 4 4 if you remove the constructor Create(int num). G. The code prints 5 4 if you remove the constructor Create(int num).

A, E. The 100 parameter is an int and so calls the matching int constructor. When this constructor is removed, Java looks for the next most specific constructor. Java prefers autoboxing to varargs, and so chooses the Integer constructor. The 100L parameter is a long. Since it can't be converted into a smaller type, it is autoboxed into a Long and then the constructor for Object is called.

Q. 23 What is the result of the following? 1: public class Order { 2: String value = "t"; 3: { value += "a"; } 4: { value += "c"; } 5: public Order() { 6: value += "b"; 7: } 8: public Order(String s) { 9: value += s; 10: } 11: public static void main(String[] args) { 12: Order order = new Order("f"); 13: order = new Order(); 14: System.out.println(order.value); 15: } } A. tacb B. tacf C. tacbf D. tacfb E. tacftacb F. The code does not compile. G. An exception is thrown.

A. Line 4 instantiates an Order. Java runs the declarations and instance initializers first in the order they appear. This sets value to tacf. Line 5 creates another Order and initializes value to tacb. The object on line 5 is stored in the same variable line 4 used. This makes the object created on line 4 unreachable. When value is printed, it is the instance variable in the object created on line 5.

26 What is the result of the following class? 1: import java.util.function.*; 2: 3: public class Panda { 4: int age; 5: public static void main(String[] args) { 6: Panda p1 = new Panda(); 7: p1.age = 1; 8: check(p1, p -> p.age < 5); 9: } 10: private static void check(Panda panda, Predicate<Panda> pred) { 11: String result = pred.test(panda) ? "match" : "not match"; 12: System.out.print(result); 13: } } A. match B. not match C. Compiler error on line 8 D. Compiler error on line 10 E. Compiler error on line 11 F. A runtime exception is thrown.

A. This code is correct. Line 8 creates a lambda expression that checks if the age is less than 5. Since there is only one parameter and it does not specify a type, the parentheses around the type parameter are optional. Line 10 uses the Predicate interface, which declares a test() method.

7 Given the following my.school.ClassRoom and my.city.School class definitions, which line numbers in main() generate a compiler error? (Choose all that apply) 1: package my.school; 2: public class Classroom { 3: private int roomNumber; 4: protected String teacherName; 5: static int globalKey = 54321; 6: public int floor = 3; 7: Classroom(int r, String t) { 8: roomNumber = r; 9: teacherName = t; } } - 1: package my.city; 2: import my.school.*; 3: public class School { 4: public static void main(String[] args) { 5: System.out.println(Classroom.globalKey); 6: Classroom room = new Classroom(101, ""Mrs. Anderson"); 7: System.out.println(room.roomNumber); 8: System.out.println(room.floor); 9: System.out.println(room.teacherName); } } A. None, the code compiles fine. B. Line 5 C. Line 6 D. Line 7 E. Line 8 F. Line 9

B, C, D, F. The two classes are in different packages, which means private access and default (package private) access will not compile. Additionally, protected access will not compile since School does not inherit from Classroom. Therefore, only line 8 will compile because it uses public access.

24 Which of the following will compile when inserted in the following code? (Choose all that apply) public class Order3 { final String value1 = "1"; static String value2 = "2"; String value3 = "3"; { // CODE SNIPPET 1 } static { // CODE SNIPPET 2 } } A. value1 = "d"; instead of // CODE SNIPPET 1 B. value2 = "e"; instead of // CODE SNIPPET 1 C. value3 = "f"; instead of // CODE SNIPPET 1 D. value1 = "g"; instead of // CODE SNIPPET 2 E. value2 = "h"; instead of // CODE SNIPPET 2 F. value3 = "i"; instead of // CODE SNIPPET 2

B, C, E. value1 is a final instance variable. It can only be set once: in the variable declaration, an instance initializer, or a constructor. Option A does not compile because the final variable was already set in the declaration. value2 is a static variable. Both instance and static initializers are able to access static variables, making options B and E correct. value3 is an instance variable. Options D and F do not compile because a static initializer does not have access to instance variables

8 Which of the following are true? (Choose all that apply) A. Encapsulation uses package private instance variables. B. Encapsulation uses private instance variables. C. Encapsulation allows setters. D. Immutability uses package private instance variables. E. Immutability uses private instance variables. F. Immutability allows setters.

B, C, E. Encapsulation requires using methods to get and set instance variables so other classes are not directly using them. Instance variables must be private for this to work. Immutability takes this a step further, allowing only getters, so the instance variables do not change state.

Q. 1 Which of the following can fill in the blank in this code to make it compile? (Choose all that apply) public class Ant { _____ void method() { } } A. default B. final C. private D. Public E. String F. zzz:

B, C. void is a return type. Only the access modifier or optional specifiers are allowed before the return type. Option C is correct, creating a method with private access. Option B is correct, creating a method with default access and the optional specifier final. Since default access does not require a modifier, we get to jump right to final. Option A is incorrect because default access omits the access modifier rather than specifying default. Option D is incorrect because Java is case sensitive. It would have been correct if public were the choice. Option E is incorrect because the method already has a void return type. Option F is incorrect because labels are not allowed for methods.

17 Which of the following are output by the following code? (Choose all that apply) public class StringBuilders { public static StringBuilder work(StringBuilder a, StringBuilder b) { a = new StringBuilder("a"); b.append("b"); return a; } public static void main(String[] args) { StringBuilder s1 = new StringBuilder("s1"); StringBuilder s2 = new StringBuilder("s2"); StringBuilder s3 = work(s1, s2); System.out.println("s1 = " + s1); System.out.println("s2 = " + s2); System.out.println("s3 = " + s3); } } A. s1 = a B. s1 = s1 C. s2 = s2 D. s2 = s2b E. s3 = a F. s3 = null G. The code does not compile.

B, D, E. Since Java is pass-by-reference, assigning a new object to a does not change the caller. Calling append() does affect the caller because both the method parameter and caller have a reference to the same object. Finally, returning a value does pass the reference to the caller for assignment to s3.

11 Which are true of the following code? (Choose all that apply) 1: public class Rope { 2: public static void swing() { 3: System.out.print("swing "); 4: } 5: public void climb() { 6: System.out.println("climb "); 7: } 8: public static void play() { 9: swing(); 10: climb(); 11: } 12: public static void main(String[] args) { 13: Rope rope = new Rope(); 14: rope.play(); 15: Rope rope2 = null; 16: rope2.play(); 17: } 18: } A. The code compiles as is. B. There is exactly one compiler error in the code. C. There are exactly two compiler errors in the code. D. If the lines with compiler errors are removed, the output is climb climb. E. If the lines with compiler errors are removed, the output is swing swing. F. If the lines with compile errors are removed, the code throws a NullPointerException.

B, E. Line 10 does not compile because static methods are not allowed to call instance methods. Even though we are calling play() as if it were an instance method and an instance exists, Java knows play() is really a static method and treats it as such. If line 10 is removed, the code works. It does not throw a NullPointerException on line 16 because play() is a static method. Java looks at the type of the reference for rope2 and translates the call to Rope.play().

10 What is the output of the following code? 1: package rope; 2: public class Rope { 3: public static int LENGTH = 5; 4: static { 5: LENGTH = 10; 6: } 7: public static void swing() { 8: System.out.print("swing "); 9: } 10: } 1: import rope.*; 2: import static rope.Rope.*; 3: public class Chimp { 4: public static void main(String[] args) { 5: Rope.swing(); 6: new Rope().swing(); 7: System.out.println(LENGTH); 8: } 9: } A. swing swing 5 B. swing swing 10 C. Compiler error on line 2 of Chimp D. Compiler error on line 5 of Chimp E. Compiler error on line 6 of Chimp F. Compiler error on line 7 of Chimp

B. Rope runs line 3, setting LENGTH to 5, then immediately after runs the static initializer, which sets it to 10. Line 5 calls the static method normally and prints swing. Line 6 also calls the static method. Java allows calling a static method through an instance variable. Line 7 uses the static import on line 2 to reference LENGTH.

14 Which of the following can replace line 2 to make this code compile? 1: import java.util.*; 2: // INSERT CODE HERE 3: public class Imports { 4: public void method(ArrayList<String> list) { 5: sort(list); 6: } 7: } A. import static java.util.Collections; B. import static java.util.Collections.*; C. import static java.util.Collections.sort(ArrayList<String>); D. static import java.util.Collections; E. static import java.util.Collections.*; F. static import java.util.Collections.sort(ArrayList<String>);

B. The two valid ways to do this are import static java.util.Collections.*; and import static java.util.Collections.sort;. Option A is incorrect because you can only do a static import on static members. Classes such as Collections require a regular import. Option C is nonsense as method parameters have no business in an import. Options D, E, and F try to trick you into reversing the syntax of import static.

16 What is the result of the following program? 1: public class Squares { 2: public static long square(int x) { 3: long y = x * (long) x; 4: x = -1; 5: return y; 6: } 7: public static void main(String[] args) { 8: int value = 9; 9: long result = square(value); 10: System.out.println(value); 11: } } A. -1 B. 9 C. 81 D. Compiler error on line 9 E. Compiler error on a different line

B. Since Java is pass-by-value and the variable on line 8 never gets reassigned, it stays as 9. In the method square, x starts as 9. y becomes 81 and then x gets set to -1. Line 9 does set result to 81. However, we are printing out value and that is still 9.

18 Which of the following are true? (Choose 2) A. this() can be called from anywhere in a constructor. B. this() can be called from any instance method in the class. C. this.variableName can be called from any instance method in the class. D. this.variableName can be called from any static method in the class. E. You must include a default constructor in the code if the compiler does not include one. F. You can call the default constructor written by the compiler using this(). G. You can access a private constructor with the main() method.

C, G. Since the main() method is in the same class, it can call private methods in the class. this() may only be called as the first line of a constructor. this.variableName can be called from any instance method to refer to an instance variable. It cannot be called from a static method because there is no instance of the class to refer to. Option F is tricky. The default constructor is only written by the compiler if no user defined constructors were provided. this() can only be called from a constructor in the same class. Since there can be no user-defined constructors in the class if a default constructor was created, it is impossible for option F to be true.

27 What is the result of the following code? 1: interface Climb { 2: boolean isTooHigh(int height, int limit); 3: } 4: 5: public class Climber { 6: public static void main(String[] args) { 7: check((h, l) -> h.append(l).isEmpty(), 5); 8: } 9: private static void check(Climb climb, int height) { 10: if (climb.isTooHigh(height, 10)) 11: System.out.println("too high"); 12: else 13: System.out.println("ok"); 14: } 15: } A. ok B. too high C. Compiler error on line 7 D. Compiler error on line 10 E. Compiler error on a different line F. A runtime exception is thrown.

C. The interface takes two int parameters. The code on line 7 attempts to use them as if one is a StringBuilder. It is tricky to use types in a lambda when they are implicitly specified. Remember to check the interface for the real type.

21 Which of the following complete the constructor so that this code prints out 50? public class Cheetah { int numSpots; public Cheetah(int numSpots) { // INSERT CODE HERE } public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(new Cheetah(50).numSpots); } } A. numSpots = numSpots; B. numSpots = this.numSpots; C. this.numSpots = numSpots; D. numSpots = super.numSpots; E. super.numSpots = numSpots; F. None of the above

C. Within the constructor numSpots refers to the constructor parameter. The instance variable is hidden because they have the same name. this.numSpots tells Java to use the instance variable. In the main() method, numSpots refers to the instance variable. Option A sets the constructor parameter to itself, leaving the instance variable as 0. Option B sets the constructor parameter to the value of the instance variable, making them both 0. Option C is correct, setting the instance variable to the value of the constructor parameter. Options D and E do not compile.

5 Given the following method, which of the method calls return 2? (Choose all that apply) public int howMany(boolean b, boolean... b2) { return b2.length; } A. howMany(); B. howMany(true); C. howMany(true, true); D. howMany(true, true, true); E. howMany(true, {true}); F. howMany(true, {true, true}); G. howMany(true, new boolean[2]);

D, G. Option D passes the initial parameter plus two more to turn into a vararg array of size 2. Option G passes the initial parameter plus an array of size 2. Option A does not compile because it does not pass the initial parameter. Options E and F do not compile because they do not declare an array properly. It should be new boolean[] {true}. Option B creates a vararg array of size 0 and option C creates a vararg array of size 1

12 What is the output of the following code? import rope.*; import static rope.Rope.*; public class RopeSwing { private static Rope rope1 = new Rope(); private static Rope rope2 = new Rope(); { System.out.println(rope1.length); } public static void main(String[] args) { rope1.length = 2; rope2.length = 8; System.out.println(rope1.length); } } package rope; public class Rope { public static int length = 0; } A. 02 B. 08 C. 2 D. 8 E. The code does not compile. F. An exception is thrown.

D. There are two details to notice in this code. First, note that RopeSwing has an instance initializer and not a static initializer. Since RopeSwing is never constructed, the instance initializer does not run. The other detail is that length is static. Changes from one object update this common static variable.

6 Which of the following are true? (Choose all that apply) A. Package private access is more lenient than protected access. B. A public class that has private fields and package private methods is not visible to classes outside the package. C. You can use access modifiers so only some of the classes in a package see a particular package private class. D. You can use access modifiers to allow read access to all methods, but not any instance variables. E. You can use access modifiers to restrict read access to all classes that begin with the word Test.

D. Option D is correct. This is the common implementation for encapsulation by setting all fields to be private and all methods to be public. Option A is incorrect because protected access allows everything package private access allows and additionally allows subclasses access. Option B is incorrect because the class is public. This means that other classes can see the class. However, they cannot call any of the methods or read any of the fields. It is essentially a useless class. Option C is incorrect because package private access applies to the whole package. Option E is incorrect because Java has no such capability.

22 What is the result of the following? 1: public class Order { 2: static String result = ""; 3: { result += "c"; } 4: static 5: { result += "u"; } 6: { result += "r"; } 7: } 1: public class OrderDriver { 2: public static void main(String[] args) { 3: System.out.print(Order.result + " "); 4: System.out.print(Order.result + " "); 5: new Order(); 6: new Order(); 7: System.out.print(Order.result + " "); 8: } 9: } A. curur B. ucrcr C. u ucrcr D. u u curcur E. u u ucrcr F. ur ur urc G. The code does not compile

E. On line 3 of OrderDriver, we refer to Order for the first time. At this point the statics in Order get initialized. In this case, the statics are the static declaration of result and the static initializer. result is u at this point. On line 4, result is the same because the static initialization is only run once. On line 5, we create a new Order, which triggers the instance initializers in the order they appear in the file. Now result is ucr. Line 6 creates another Order, triggering another set of initializers. Now result is ucrcr. Notice how the static is on a different line than the initialization code in lines 4-5 of Order. The exam may try to trick you by formatting the code like this to confuse you.

20 Which code can be inserted to have the code print 2? public class BirdSeed { private int numberBags; boolean call; public BirdSeed() { // LINE 1 call = false; // LINE 2 } public BirdSeed(int numberBags) { this.numberBags = numberBags; } public static void main(String[] args) { BirdSeed seed = new BirdSeed(); System.out.println(seed.numberBags); } } A. Replace line 1 with BirdSeed(2);. B. Replace line 2 with BirdSeed(2);. C. Replace line 1 with new BirdSeed(2);. D. Replace line 2 with new BirdSeed(2);. E. Replace line 1 with this(2);. F. Replace line 2 with this(2);.

E. Options A and B will not compile because constructors cannot be called without new. Options C and D will compile but will create a new object rather than setting the fields in this one. Option F will not compile because this() must be the first line of a constructor. Option E is correct.

15 What is the result of the following statements? 1: public class Test { 2: public void print(byte x) { 3: System.out.print("byte"); 4: } 5: public void print(int x) { 6: System.out.print("int"); 7: } 8: public void print(float x) { 9: System.out.print("float"); 10: } 11: public void print(Object x) { 12: System.out.print("Object"); 13: } 14: public static void main(String[] args) { 15: Test t = new Test(); 16: short s = 123; 17: t.print(s); 18: t.print(true); 19: t.print(6.789); 20: } 21: }

E. The argument on line 18 is a short. It can be promoted to an int, so print() on line 5 is invoked. The argument on line 18 is a boolean. It can be autoboxed to a boolean, so print() on line 11 is invoked. The argument on line 19 is a double. It can be autoboxed to a double, so print() on line 11 is invoked. Therefore, the output is intObjectObject and the correct answer is option E.

13 How many compiler errors are in the following code? 1: public class RopeSwing { 2: private static final String leftRope; 3: private static final String rightRope; 4: private static final String bench; 5: private static final String name = "name"; 6: static { 7: leftRope = "left"; 8: rightRope = "right"; 9: } 10: static { 11: name = "name"; 12: rightRope = "right"; 13: } 14: public static void main(String[] args) { 15: bench = "bench"; 16: } 17: } A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. 4 F. 5

E. static final variables must be set exactly once, and it must be in the declaration line or in a static initialization block. Line 4 doesn't compile because bench is not set in either of these locations. Line 15 doesn't compile because final variables are not allowed to be set after that point. Line 11 doesn't compile because name is set twice: once in the declaration and again in the static block. Line 12 doesn't compile because rightRope is set twice as well. Both are in static initialization blocks.