Chapter 4 Organizational Behavior

Contrast the effects of individual and organizational influences on ethical behavior.

-Ethical behavior is behavior that is consistent with one's personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society. Firms with better reputations attract more applicants, creating a larger hiring pool, and evidence suggests that respected firms can choose higher-quality applicants. -Unethical behavior by employees can affect individuals, work teams, and even the organization.

Identify the factors that affect ethical behavior.

-Values, -locus of control, Machiavellianism (one's willingness to do whatever it takes to get one's own way), -an individual's level of cognitive moral development.

Attitude-behavior correspondence depends on five things

-attitude specificity -attitude relevance -timing of measurement -personality factors -social constraints

Describe how attitudes are formed.

-learned -influences are direct experiences and social learning -culture

Identify sources of job satisfaction and commitment.

-pay -work itself -promotion -opportunities -supervision -cowokers

emotional contagion

A dynamic process through which the emotions of one person are transferred to another, either consciously or unconsciously, through nonverbal channels.

Machiavellianism

A personality characteristic involving one's willingness to do whatever it takes to get one's own way.

job satisfaction

A pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences.

attitude

A psychological tendency expressed by evaluating something with a degree of favor or disfavor.

cognitive dissonance

A state of tension produced when an individual experiences conflict between attitudes and behavior.

ethical behavior

Acting in ways consistent with one's personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society.

organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

Behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty.

counterproductive work behavior

Behavior that violates organizational norms and causes harm to the organization and/or employees.

Discuss the definition and importance of emotions at work.

Emotions are mental states including feelings, physiological changes, and the inclination to act and are normal parts of human functioning and decision making. Positive emotions that travel through a work group produce cooperation and task performance. The opposite also occurs when negative emotions destroy morale and performance.

values

Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence.

Which of the following statements accurately describes ethical behavior at work?

Ethical behavior requires actions consistent with one's own values, those of society, and those of the company.

Distinguish between organizational citizenship and workplace deviance behaviors.

Individuals who identify strongly with the organization are more likely to perform - beyond the call of duty. A misfit between an individual's and the organization's values is called a lack of person-organization fit. Dissatisfied workers are likely to skip work and quit jobs. result of negative attitudes and consists of counterproductive behavior that violates organizational norms and harms others or the organization.

emotions

Mental states that include feelings, physiological changes, and the inclination to act.

Which of the following is an example of counterproductive work behavior (CWB)?

Natalia discovers a shortcut that saves her hours of time on routine projects and keeps the discovery to herself.

All of the following statements accurately describe organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) EXCEPT

OCBs must be carefully managed since each behavior significantly depletes employee energy.

affective commitment

Organizational commitment based on an individual's desire to remain in an organization.

normative commitment

Organizational commitment based on an individual's perceived obligation to remain with an organization.

continuance commitment

Organizational commitment based on the fact that an individual cannot afford to leave.

All of the following statements accurately describe work attitudes EXCEPT

Positive psychological climates are not enough to generate positive attitudes or good performance

Why are ethical dilemmas so prevalent in business?

Since few ethical issues are clear-cut, they require individual interpretation.

affect

The emotional component of an attitude.

social learning

The process of deriving attitudes from family, peer groups, religious organizations, and culture.

cognitive moral development

The process of moving through stages of maturity with regard to making ethical decisions.

organizational commitment

The strength of an individual's identification with an organization.

terminal values

Values that influence the goals to be achieved or the end states of existence.

instrumental values

Values that shape the acceptable behaviors that can be used to achieve some goal or end state.

Goran secured three bids for a project at work. He was about to award the job to the lowest bidder when his boss demanded he award the job to the highest bidder—a friend of hers from college. Goran feels torn between his strong sense of fairness and his boss' demand. He is experiencing

cognitive dissonance

to affect both job satisfaction and performance, rewards must be

contingent on individual performance.

Sydney is a single mother with two children, one of whom has a chronic medical condition. Sydney says she stays at her job because it provides medical benefits she likely would not receive at other companies. This is an example of ________ organizational commitment.

continuance

Targets with low selfesteem or in a good mood are

easier to persuade

Three major characteristics of the source affect persuasion:

expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness.

All of the following are major characteristics of a persuasive source EXCEPT

intelligence

Individuals with extreme attitudes or high self-esteem are

more resistant

The elaboration likelihood model proposes that

persuasion occurs either through a central route or peripheral route, differentiated by the amount of elaboration, scrutiny, or motivation in the message.

Which of the following is a terminal value

pleasure

Attitudes are best defined as

psychological tendencies expressed by evaluating something with a degree of favor or disfavor.

You are a student in the College of Business at Citywide University, which recently announced that all fees for students in the College of Engineering will double beginning next semester. You believe in quality education at an affordable price and would like to attend the protest rally with your best friends on Saturday, but you decide to attend a family wedding instead. Your decision was likely based on which factor in the attitude-behavior link?

relevance

A target uses the peripheral route to persuasion when

she is distracted

People are more likely to be persuaded into an attitude change when

the tone of the message matches their mood

A B Corp is a company that

uses the power of business as a force for good.