Chapter 4 Practice Questions

Temperamental differences among infants are quite common. Based on examination of temperament, approximately _____ of infants have been identified as "difficult."

10 percent

Based on your understanding of center-based care, which region is LEAST likely to have heavily subsidized infant care by the government?

Africa

Which theorist is associated with a laboratory procedure called the Strange Situation?

Ainsworth

The three dimensions of temperament that are clearly present in early childhood include: security negative mood engagement agreeableness

negative mood

What kind of leave can be taken by either parent simultaneously or concurrently following the birth of their child?

parental leave

Which of the following has NOT been identified as a dimension of temperament that affects later personality development and achievement?

positive mood

During this stage of attachment, newborns signal that they need others through crying and body movements. When caregivers respond in a positive manner, the newborn is comforted and learns to seek interaction.

preattachment

About 150 million births occurred in _____.

2017

In the United States, the U.S. military allows _____ of paid leave for fathers.

10 days

Temperamental differences among infants are quite common. Based on examination of temperament, approximately _____ of infants have been identified as "slow-to-warm-up."

15 %

When does self-awareness typically emerge?

18 months

Based on the standards developed by NAEYC for infants, the appropriate ratio of adults to babies in a day care classroom is:

1:4

Before the age of _____ significant differences in allocare are present.

2 years

A typical infant begins laughing at:

3 months

What percentage of infants are classified as having an "easy" temperament?

40 %

What percentage of mothers of infants under the age of 1 year were in the labor force in the United States in 2015?

58 %

In a study that examined 4-month-old infants during and immediately after a still-face episode, how many were considered negatively engaged?

7 %

The idea of a working model is from _____ theory.

cognitive

Benjamin is babysitting his brother's infant daughter when the doorbell rings. Benjamin opens the door and asks the delivery person to step inside. The woman does so and smiles at his niece. The little girl hides her face in Benjamin's shoulder and then looks back at the woman with concern. Approximately how old is the niece?

9 months

Stranger wariness is first noticeable at approximately:

9 months

You've completed the activity, but you can keep answering questions for practice. (Your grade won't be affected.)

Erikson

The process by which an infant learns whether or not the world can be trusted to satisfy their basic needs and develop a sense of care and consistency is directly related to:

Erikson's first crisis of life

_____ would trace people's excessive eating, drinking, or talking to how a conflict in early development with their mother was related to their current behaviors.

Freud

Based on your understanding of center-based care, which nation is MOST likely to have heavily subsidized infant care by the government?

Israel

allocare

Literally, "other-care"; the care of children by people other than the biological parents.

What professional organization in the United States is responsible for standards of care for babies from birth to 15 months?

NAEYC

What research was the first to recognize that newborns have distinct inborn traits?

New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS)

Lottie is 3 months old. Her MOST sophisticated emotional capability is: expressing distress and contentment. the social smile. separation anxiety. laughter and curiosity.

laughter and curiosity

A 2-year-old toddler becomes immediately angered after his older brother approaches him. His brother was teasing him earlier in the week about his pajamas. Infant emotions are tied not only to brain maturation but also heavily influenced by social context. How would your text explain the toddler's immediate emotional response to his brother?

Previous experience impact emotional reactions

Which nation has the greatest length of approved parental leave for parents?

Spain

A mother is playing with her infant son at a park. She is smiling and making faces at him. The infant smiles back almost instantaneously. This is an example of the type of interaction that developmentalists call:

Synchrony

What research was the first to recognize that newborns have distinct inborn traits?

The New York Longitudinal Study

How do people become fixated in a Freudian stage?

Their normal urges are somehow frustrated

________ and __________ determine a person's perspective. This is a description of cognitive theory.

Thoughts and values

Which theorist stated, "Failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders"?

Watson

According to the text, temperament involves:

a genetic predisposition regarding emotions, activity, and self-regulation.

A parent, smiling and laughing, is moving a small stuffed toy back and forth in front of a 7-week-old infant. The MOST likely reaction the parent will receive from the infant is:

a social smile

In cognitive theory, there is a set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experience. These assumptions are called:

a working model

An infant's smile in response to seeing a person's face normally emerges:

about 6 weeks of age

According to evolutionary theorists, the smile and appearance of a baby causes adults to become attracted to the baby and increases the willingness of parents, grandparents, and other possible caregivers to go from busy adults to devoted caregivers. Evolutionary theorists believe this occurs in adults because of:

adaption

Hayden is 7 months old. He is capable of: anger social fear neither both

anger

An insecurely attached infant is likely to show:

anxiety and/or indifference

What percentage of infants in the United States are cared for exclusively by their mothers for the first year?

around 20%

Mi Ling, who is now 3-years-old, is walking and talking and has developed an enduring emotional bond with her mother. This bond is referred to as:

attachment

Brien has a friend who is a mother. Knowing that Brien is taking a psychology course, she asks him what she can expect during the toddler years of her child's development. Using his understanding of Erikson's stages of development, Brien explains to her that her child will pass through a stage called _____ versus shame as she undergoes potty training.

autonomy

Leroy has a friend who is suspicious, pessimistic, and easily ashamed. He knows that self-awareness emerges at 18 months and without some independence, a child may feel ashamed and doubtful. Such problems in early infancy can last a lifetime. Leroy believes his friend's problems may have originated in the early developmental crisis Erikson named:

autonomy vs trust

Proximal parenting increases the likelihood that children will:

be more obedient to their parents

Linda has a daughter named Allison who is 2 years old. Every time Allison takes a toy from her baby brother, he cries. Linda punishes Allison by putting her in a time-out chair each time she does this. While she may not realize it, Linda is using a behavior modification technique that is based on the theories of the _____ school.

behavioral

Which perspective suggests that parents mold an infant's emotions and personality as they reinforce or punish their child?

behaviorism

The hopeful message of _____ theory is that people can rethink and reorganize their thoughts to develop new working models.

cognitive

Based on the NICHD longitudinal study of over 1,300 children born in 1991, early day care experiences correlated with clear and distinctive:

cognitive advances

Based on the NICHD longitudinal study of over 1,300 children born in 1991, early day care experiences correlated with clear and distinctive: language deficits.

cognitive advances

Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are:

compliant

Infants engage in _____ and proximity-seeking to show their attachment.

contact maintaining

Toddlers often touch their caregivers' faces or grab onto their hands; such actions are an expression of attachment called:

contact maintaining

The parents of 3-year-old Kaylie have noticed that she is throwing tantrums less often and is able to better regulate her emotions. This is MOST likely the result of maturation of the:

cortex

The first emotional expressions to emerge at birth are:

crying and contentment

The strong connection between emotional development and life experiences is an example of _____ as it highlights the importance of the brain and parental influences on later development.

differential susceptibility

The importance of responsive parenting is that:

difficult children often become easier

Using the still-face technique, the majority of 4-month-old infants are classified as:

disengaged

Eight-year-old Micah has a personality trait of dishonesty that is bothering his parents; his mother brings him in for therapy and describes his temperament as aggressive, unhappy, and impulsive. Of all these traits, the one that could be considered primarily learned would be:

dishonesty

Which attachment pattern involves infants who freeze, look scared, scream, and/or hit themselves?

disorganized

_____ attachment is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return

disorganized

The New York Longitudinal Study identified groups of infant temperament as being:

easy, difficult, slow-to-warm up; and hard-to-classify

Contemporary researchers believe that there are three dimensions of temperament, each of which affects later personality development and school performance:

effortful control, negative mood, and exuberance

Dr. Rojo conducted a longitudinal study on infant temperament, testing the same group of children at ages 4, 9, 14, 24, and 48 months. She found that exuberant infants did not change much, reacting the same way and having similar brain-wave patterns when confronted with frightening experiences every time they were tested. Inhibited, fearful infants, however, altered their responses as they grew older. This probably speaks to the influence of:`

environment

Research has confirmed that synchrony is _____, meaning that responsiveness in parent-child interactions is a factor in psychosocial and biological development.

experience-expectant

One of the key aspects of the Strange Situation experiment is:

exploration of toys

Five-month-old Martin is an outgoing, active baby. Martin appears high in the _____ dimension of temperament.

exuberance

There are several new emotions, such as jealousy, which appear in toddlerhood that require social awareness from:

family interactions

According to the textbook, the _____ emotional expressions to emerge at birth are pain and pleasure in the form of crying and contentment.

first

About one in _____infants cry excessively, defined as more than three hours a day, three or more days per week.

five

Eight-month-old Katie's parents often fight and scream, which has escalated to physical violence on multiple occasions. What effect might this environment have on her brain development?

her hypothalamus may grow more slowly than normal

The textbook discusses the influence of caregiver responsiveness on reactive infants. With respect to the dimensions of temperament discussed in the text, an infant who is reactive is MOST likely:

high in negative emotion

The _____ grows more slowly when an infant is often frightened.

hypothalamus

Mandy recalls that on more than one occasion her younger brother became angry and kicked their mother for leaving them with a babysitter. Her mother confirms that he was a difficult child to raise. From what Mandy has learned about social bonds, she concludes that her brother was displaying a(n) _____ attachment.

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who resists separation, is preoccupied with the parents' absence, and seeks contact when reunited with his or her caregiver?

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Albert crawls after his father when his father leaves the room. In doing so, Albert is exhibiting:

proximity-seeking behavior

The theory that connects biosocial with psychosocial development is:

psychoanalytic

Autonomy versus shame and doubt is central to Erikson's _____ theory.

psychosocial

An emotion that indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by a greater increase in the production of cortisol is:

sadness

According to Erikson, failure to develop autonomy over one's own actions is MOST closely identified with:

shame and doubt

he still-face technique:

shows that babies expect a reaction from their caregivers.

The _____ theory helps to explain the effects of distal and proximal parenting with regard to the emotional development of the child.

social learning

_____ is expressed at 6 weeks and _____ at 3 months.

social smile; laughter and curiosity

_____ is expressed at 6 weeks and _____ at 3 months.

social smiling; laughter and curiosity

An integral element in a synchronous exchange is:

split-second timing

Happiness is expressed by the social smile, evoked by a human face at about 6 weeks of age. Because the social smile is affected by age since conception, preterm babies:

start to smile when they are a few weeks older

The _____ technique is an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face contact with an infant.

still-face

When a 9-month-old infant shows fear of unfamiliar people, he or she is exhibiting:

stranger awareness

Two fears that infants form at about 9 months are:

stranger weariness and separation anxiety

Biologically based differences in emotions, activity level, and self-regulation:

temperament

Early research was on mothers and infants. Later, it was found that infants may be securely or insecurely attached to fathers or other caregivers. It was thought that ________________might affect attachment, but research shows that temperament does not determine attachment status

temperament

Eight-month-old Antwan is participating in a child development study. A brightly colored, noisy robot marches quickly toward him. Antwan is MOST likely taking part in a study of:

temperament

Personality traits, such as honesty and humility, are thought to be primarily learned, whereas _____ traits, such as shyness and aggression, are considered primarily genetic. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

temperamental

Research measuring infant-caregiver attachment involves:

using the Strange Situation laboratory procedure

Secure attachment (type B) results in a toddler who:

willingness to explore

The idea of a _____ model is from cognitive theory.

working