Chapter 4 psychology

Antwon can't seem to focus in class today. Though he's not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states of consciousness?

Altered

________refer(s) essentially to panic states experienced while sound asleep.

Night terrors

Clay told his therapist about a dream in which he had an argument with his boss, but he was unaware of his what it was about. Clay's therapist explained the dream stemmed from a conflict from his past. The therapist was using ________ to explain Clay's dream.

a Freudian psychoanalytic interpretation

A hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep and not-yet-fully-awake is ______.

a hypnopompic hallucination.

Four-year-old Denise was sound asleep. Suddenly, without warning, she sat straight up and began to scream. Her mother tried to calm her down with no success. Finally, after about 45 seconds of what appeared to be a panic attack, Denise quietly lied back down. When morning came and Denise awoke, she could not remember anything that had happened during the night. It is likely that Denise experienced _______.

a night terror

According to the ________, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep.

activation-synthesis hypothesis

The ________ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation.

activation-synthesis hypothesis

The most commonly used and abused depressant is/are ______.

alcohol

As a person relaxes and becomes drowsy, ________ waves appear.

alpha

Every night, Pricilla increases her dose of pain medication, noting that the initial dose no longer works. Pricilla seems to have developed ______.

drug tolerance.

Opium and its derivatives duplicate the action of _____.

endorphins

When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of _____.

increased alertness.

Students who stay up all night to study will ________ more information than they ________.

lose; gain

Smoking marijuana _______.

may cause cardiovascular disease in chronic users.

Just before every test, Juan closes his eyes, relaxes, and visualizes himself passing all of his exams with high scores. Juan appears to be engaging in the practice of _________.

meditation

As ________ accumulate(s) in the body, a person will begin to feel sleepy.

melatonin

As the sun goes down, Charlene begins to feel sleepy. It is likely that Charlene's sleepiness is the result of an increase in her level of _____.

melatonin

Jonah is often a victim of bad dreams, frequently centered around being left at a store or getting lost at an amusement park. He sometimes wakes up from them, and calls for his parents to help him calm down. These episodes take place during REM sleep. Jonah is experiencing ______.

nightmares

Depressant drugs derived from the opium poppy are called _______.

opiates

Melatonin is secreted by the ________ gland.

pineal

Evelyn smoked cigarettes when she was younger but had no problem quitting. Though ten years have passed since Evelyn has touched a cigarette, every now and then she gets a strong craving to smoke again. Evelyn's craving is most likely the result of _______.

psychological dependence.

Carmen stayed up all night studying, getting only about two hours of sleep total. While she was able to finish her exam, she was unable to focus, and much of what she had studied the night before seemed to be forgotten. Carmen's inability to remember and to stay focused during her exam is most likely due to ______.

sleep deprivation.

The sleep−wake cycle is controlled by ______.

the brain.

Simon is awake and fully alert. Simon is in a state of ______.

waking consciousness.

Freud believed that dreams were a kind of ________ for his patients.

wish fulfillment

Whenever Caroline goes more than a day without drinking, she begins to experience severe headaches, irritability, nausea, cramping, and shaking. Caroline is experiencing symptoms of ______.

withdrawal

In the United States, about ________ suffer from alcoholism.

10% - 20%

About ________ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects.

40

Nearly ________ percent of an infant's sleep is REM, compared to about ________ percent for a normal, healthy adult.

50; 20

According to research, which of the following individuals might need the least amount of sleep?

67-year-old Roger, who retired two years ago

________ is characterized by delusions and paranoia.

Amphetamine psychosis

If the brain-wave pattern of a person playing a professional game of chess was recorded using an electroencephalogram (EEG), what type of brain waves would most likely be detected?

Beta

Calvin told his therapist that he wanted to stop smoking. During the next visit, Calvin's therapist directed Calvin to focus deeply on the sound of his voice. He then told Calvin to relax and that he would soon begin to feel tired. As Calvin's eyes began to close, he was told to do a number of other things to which Calvin complied. By the end of the session, Calvin no longer craved cigarettes. What happened?

Calvin allowed himself to be hypnotized.

________ dependence is the most common in the United States after alcohol and nicotine.

Cannabis

For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective?

Controlling pain

The real inquiry into the process of dreaming was begun by _________.

Freud

Alcohol indirectly stimulates the release of ________, the brain's major depressant.

GABA

Astor wanted to try marijuana to experience the effects of which of the following class of drugs?

Hallucinogenics

________ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations.

Hallucinogens

________ is made by scraping the resin from the leaves of the cannabis sativa plant.

Hashish

Which of the following statements about the circadian rhythm is true?

It is a cycle that takes about a day to complete.

Which of the following statements about rapid eye movement (R) sleep is correct?

It is when most dreams occur.

________ are sometimes used to treat narcolepsy.

Methamphetamines

So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during _____.

N1 sleep.

The body is at its lowest level of functioning during ______.

N3 sleep.

Which of the following situations best demonstrates waking consciousness?

Orlando carefully calculates his taxes two weeks before taxes are due.

________ is a synthesized drug so dangerous it is useful only in veterinary medicine as a tranquilizer.

PCP

Janice is dreaming about walking her dog. However, in her dream, her dog is flying, the sidewalk is moving, and she has no awareness that this activity is odd. Janice is probably in ________ sleep.

REM

________ is a rare disorder in which the mechanism that inhibits the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares.

REM behavior disorder

The idea that people deprived of R sleep will become paranoid and seem to be mentally ill is known as the ____.

REM myth.

Archie believes that people who think they are hypnotized are not actually hypnotized at all. In fact, they are simply acting out everything that they are being told to do by the hypnotist. Archie's way of thinking is similar to which of the following theories?

Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

Who actually hypnotizes a hypnotized person?

The person being hypnotized

Which statement about sleep apnea is correct?

The person experiencing sleep apnea may stop breathing for 10 seconds or more.

After taking medication for his back, Todd's thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd was in a state of ____.

altered consciousness

The minor tranquilizers _______.

are commonly used to treat anxiety.

Ecstasy is classified as a _______.

benzodiazepine

Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our ______.

biological rhythms.

Both marijuana and hashish contain _______.

cannabinoids

At one point, ________ was used by doctors and dentists, sometimes as a numbing agent before extracting a tooth. It was not until much later that this drug's problematic characteristics were recognized.

cocaine

In a(n) ________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness.

cognitive neuroscience

David often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from _____.

daytime sleep terrors.

The slowest, largest sleep waves are ________ waves.

delta

After being hypnotized, Jackie reported that there was a part of her that remained aware of everything that was going on. Hilgard might say that Jackie was in a state of hypnotic _____.

dissociation

Insomnia can be helped by ______.

going to bed only when sleepy.

According to researchers, men tend to ______.

have more physical aggression in their dreams than women.

Some researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by ________ during the first stage of sleep.

hypnogogic images

As Jason was watching television late one night, he was startled by the vivid image of his dead grandmother walking toward him. While Jason may believe that he actually saw his deceased grandmother, researchers today are more likely to explain Jason's experience as being _______.

hypnogogic.

While in the middle of a conversation with his coworker, Jackson unexpectedly slipped into a state of sleep, falling to the floor as he lost control of all the muscles in his body. Jackson appears to have a condition called ____.

narcolepsy

Last night, Kayla thought she was awakened by a noise she heard outside of her bedroom door. As she tried to get up to see what was going on, she couldn't move. She tried to scream out and couldn't make a sound. After several minutes, she was finally able to sit up and wondered what had just happened. The best explanation for Kayla's experience, according to sleep researchers, is that she experienced ______.

sleep paralysis during REM sleep.

Darren uses cocaine recreationally. Darren's drug of choice is a ______.

stimulant