Chapter 4 Reading Questions
Which of the following forms from a complex association of microorganisms that grow on a surface or tissue matrix? Periplasm Glycocalyx Biofilm Wart
Biofilm
The cell membranes of archaea contain which of the following? Cyclic hydrocarbons Phospholipids Fatty acids Branched hydrocarbons
Branched hydrocarbons
If you needed specific information regarding bacterial classification and taxonomy, which resource should you use?
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
Which of the following is an internal component of a prokaryotic cell? Flagella Cell wall Cell membrane Glycocalyx Ribosome
Ribosome
Which groups of bacteria are obligate intracellular parasites?
Rickettsia and Chlamydia
A bacillus is a bacterial cell with which of the following shapes? Rod Spherical Spiral
Rod
The ______ ________ is a protective covering in some bacteria. It is composed of thousands of copies of a single protein.
S layer
Which is the term for a cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells? Vibrio Palisade Sarcina Spirillum
Sacrina
What structural difference is found in gram-positive cells but not in gram-negative cells? Multiple choice question. Outer membrane Peptidoglycan Plasma membrane Single cell membrane
Single cell membrane
Which of the following describes a rigid, loosely twisted, helical bacterium? Spirochete Coccobacilli Vibrio Spirillum
Spirillum
A tightly-coiled, yet flexible helical bacterium is described as which of the following? Vibrio Spirillum Spirochete
Spirochete
___________ are spiral-shaped bacteria characterized by periplasmic flagella and display a worm-like mode of locomotion.
Spirochetes
Which of the following are rigid lipids that stabilize the cell membranes of mycoplasmas? Fatty Acids Sterols Wax Phospholipids
Sterols
T/F: Bacterial endospores are more resistant to disinfectants than vegetative cells.
True
T/F: Fungal spores function in both survival and reproduction, while bacterial endospores function in survival only. True false question.
True
T/F: Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic because they do not contain a cell wall for shape.
True
T/F: Some photosynthetic bacteria produce sulfur granules or sulfates.
True
T/F: Two genera of pathogenic bacteria that form endospores are Clostridium and Bacillus.
True
True or false: Bacterial endospores are more resistant to disinfectants than vegetative cells.
True
Neisseria gonorrhoeae binds to the epithelial cells of the reproductive tract by means of which of the following? Type IV pili Fimbriae F pilus Peritrichous flagella
Type IV pili
Which is the active, growing state of endospore-forming bacteria?
Vegetative
A type of extremophile, ______________ are able to flourish at high temperatures such as those found in thermal heat vents and volcanic waters.
hyperthermophiles
Cytoplasmic __________, such as granules or vesicles, can store organic and inorganic nutrients and even gases or magnetic iron oxides.
inclusions
A tuft of flagella from a single site is referred to as a(n) __________ arrangement, whereas flagella dispersed over the surface of the cell is referred to as __________
lophotrichous, peritrichous
Mycoplasma pneumoniae can cause illness when it adheres to the epithelial cells of the _______
lungs
Which of the following occurs when a cell breaks or ruptures? Multiple choice question. Lysis Apoptosis Phagocytosis Sporulation
lysis
_________ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols.
mycoplasma
The cell envelope of gram-__________ bacteria is composed of an outer membrane, cell wall, and a cell membrane.
negative
The gliding bacteria are contained within the gram-_________ bacteria
negative
The movement of an organism away from a chemical repellent is called __________ chemotaxis.
negative
Gram-_________ cell walls are thinner than Gram-__________ cell walls, providing them with relatively greater flexibility and sensitivity to lysis.
negative, positive
Gram-________ cells have an inner and outer cell membrane while gram-positive cells have a _________ cell membrane.
negative, single
In prokaryotes, the chromosomal DNA is aggregated in a central area called the ___________
nucleoid
A(n) _________ ___________ parasite requires a host cell in order to survive.
obligate intracellular
Photosynthetic bacteria can be divided into two general groups, those that produce __________ and those that produce something else
oxygen
The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of ________
peptidoglycan
The __________ space is located between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-positive bacteria and is a site for the temporary storage of enzymes.
periplasmic
Capsules protect bacteria against immune cells generally referred to as __________
phagocytes
The cell membrane consists of a(n) _________ bilayer with embedded __________
phospholipid, protein
Identify the major structure component of the cell membrane. Nucleic acids Phospholipids Proteoglycans Cholesterol
phospholipids
Extreme halophiles are inhabitants of which of the following environments? Salt lakes Salt mines Oceans Inland seas
salt lakes, salt mines, and inland seas
In the process of ________ reproduction, offspring are produced by combining sex cells of two parents, whereas the process of ________ reproduction creates new cells from one parent cell.
sexual, asexual
Which structure is most closely associated with biofilm formation? Cell membrane Endospore Slime layer
slime layer
Which type of glycocalyx is loosely attached to the bacterial cell and protects it from dehydration and loss of nutrients? Plaque Biofilm Slime layer Capsule
slime layer
Identify the two types of glycocalyx in bacteria. Outer membrane Lipopolysaccharide Peptidoglycan Slime layer Capsules
slime layer and capsules
The metabolically active and growing phase of endospore forming bacteria is called the _________ ___________
vegetative cell
T/F: All bacteria have a cell wall
False
Which of the following are not found in all prokaryotic cells? Fimbriae Cell wall Ribosomes Cytoplasm Capsule
Fimbriae Cell wall Capsule
What is the purpose of mycolic acid in the mycobacterial cell wall?
It increases resistance to certain chemicals and dyes.
LPS is the abbreviation for _____.
Lipopolysaccharide
Which of the following describes a cluster of flagella emerging from the same site? Amphitrichous Lophotrichous Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Tears and saliva contain _________, an enzyme which digests peptidoglycans and breaks down bacterial cell walls.
Lysozyme
Which of the following is not a function of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid in the Gram-positive cell wall: Movement of cations in and out of the cell Cell wall maintenance Exchange of DNA with other cells Cell wall enlargement
Movement of cations in and out of the cell Exchange of DNA with other cells
The prefix "diplo" is used to indicate that cells are in which arrangement?
Pairs
Which of the following are not internal components of a prokaryotic cell? Ribosome Pili Glycocalyx Cytoskeleton Inclusions Fimbriae Endospore
Pili Glycocalyx Fimbriae
The transfer of DNA between bacterial cells is called _______
(Bacterial) conjugation
Please order the following choices to reflect the generalized anatomy of bacterial cells with "1" being the innermost cell component and "4" being the outermost cell component. cell wall glycocalyx cell membrane cytoplasmic matrix
1 cytoplasmic matrix 2 cell membrane 3 cell wall 4 glycocalyx
Place the steps of endospore formation into the correct order (from stimulus to mature endospore).
1. DNA replication 2. septation of cell 3. sporangium engulfs forespore 4. synthesis of spore layers 5. Deposition of cortex and outer coat laers 6. Mature endopore formed
Cyanobacteria have existed in some form for how many years?
3 billion
Cyanobacteria, Prochlorococcus and Tricholdesium account for how much of global biomass formation? Multiple choice question.
30-40%
Endospore formation in spore-forming bacteria takes about how much time?
6-12 hours
The prokaryotic ribosome is a ___________ ribosome.
70S
___________ is a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species.
A strain
What is the difference between a true nucleus and a nucleoid?
A true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane whereas a nucleoid is not.
What is true regarding all bacterial cells?
All lack a nucleus
Which of the following are types of flagellar arrangements with more than one flagellum? Amphitrichous Lophotrichous Monotrichous Peritrichous
Amphitrichous Lophotrichous Peritrichous
What is the glycocalyx? The major component of the bacterial cell wall An intracellular substance that confers antibiotic resistance to the cell An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell An enzyme present in the periplasmic space
An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell
Bacterial types can differ from other types in the same species in which of the following ways? Number of chromosomes Antigenic makeup Cell wall makeup Pathogenicity Susceptibility to bacterial viruses
Antigenic makeup Pathogenicity Susceptibility to bacterial viruses
Members of Chlamydia and Rickettsia differ in that Chlamydia do not require which of the following? Arthropods for transmission Host cells for metabolism Ribosomes for protein synthesis Host cells for growth
Arthropods for transmission
Twisting or flexing of spirochete bacteria is attributed to which of the following? Fimbriae Axial filaments Pilus Internal cilia
Axial filaments
Which appendage(s) provide motility? Fimbriae Axial filaments Glycocalyx Flagellum
Axial filaments Flagellum
Identify the stack of rings anchoring the flagellum into the cell wall and cell membrane of a bacterium. Filament Hook Basal body Sheath
Basal body
_________ ___________ is the rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax.
Bacillus anthracis
Which of the following bacteria can produce an S layer under harsh conditions? Bacillus anthracis Streptococcus pyogenes Borrelia burgdorferi Clostridium difficile
Bacillus anthracis Clostridium difficile
Why is it difficult to group bacteria into species? Bacteria can alter their genetic makeup. Bacteria do not use a typical mode of sexual reproduction. Bacteria are not alive and are not cells. Bacteria can accept genetic material from others.
Bacteria can alter their genetic makeup. Bacteria do not use a typical mode of sexual reproduction. Bacteria can accept genetic material from others.
The canning food industry must be sure their process destroys which bacteria that can cause food poisoning?
C. botulinum
The heat resistance of bacterial endospores has been linked to high concentrations of which of the following? Calcium dipicolinate Calcium chloride Sodium chloride Iron oxide
Calcium dipicolinate
Which of the following diseases is not caused by a member of Rickettsia? Rocky Mountain Spotted fever Cat Scratch disease Endemic typhus
Cat scratch fever
Which of the following is considered to be the basic unit of life? Organism DNA Cell Protein Tissue
Cell
Which of the following structures are essential to all prokaryotic cells? Flagella Capsule Cell wall Cell membrane Ribosomes Chromosome(s)
Cell membrane Ribosomes Chromosome(s)
Which of the following are methods used to identify bacteria? Cell morphology Bacterial biochemistry Serological analysis Genetic techniques Form of reproduction
Cell morphology Bacterial biochemistry Serological analysis Genetic techniques
Which of the following prevents the rupture of bacterial cells by internal osmotic pressure? Multiple choice question. Plasma membrane Capsule Glycocalyx Biofilm Slime layer Cell wall
Cell wall
Identify the two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria.
Cell wall and cell membrane
The function of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid in the Gram-positive cell wall includes which of the following? Cell wall enlargement Attachment to to other cells for DNA exchange Cell wall maintenance Response to external stimuli
Cell wall enlargement Cell wall maintenance
Which of the following is the movement towards or away from a chemical stimulus? Chemotaxis Phototaxis Dethantaxis
Chemotaxis
Which of the following bacteria can cause severe eye infections? Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli Chlamydia trachomatis Rickettsia typhi
Chlamydia trachomatis
What is the spore-forming bacterium that causes botulism?
Clostridium botulinum
What is used for describing very short, ovoid, rod-shaped bacterial cells?
Coccobacilli
What is a spherically-shaped bacterial cell termed? Bacillus Coccus Spirillum
Coccus
Pili are typically used for which of the following? Conjugation Structural Motility Protection
Conjugation
Elongated, rigid tubes on gram-negative bacteria that are involved in the transfer of DNA from one cell to another are called which of the following? Axial filaments Slime layers Conjugation pili Sex fimbriae
Conjugation pili
A palisades arrangement of cells is typical in which of the following bacteria? Streptococci Clostridia Vibrio Corynebacteria
Corynebacteria
_________ diphtheriae and ___________ pyogenes are gram-positive bacteria that have toxic properties due to proteins on their cell walls.
Corynebacterium, Streptococcus
Which of the following has internal membranes that are the site of photosynthesis? Cyanobacteria Mycoplasmas Proteus Klebsiella
Cyanobacteria
A chromosome is made of which of the following? RNA DNA Lipids Carbohydrates
DNA
Which of the following diseases are caused by members of Rickettsia? Endemic Typhus West Nile encephalitis Lyme disease Scarlet fever Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
Endemic Typhus Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
Which is the dormant survival state in endospore-forming bacteria? Multiple choice question. Endospore Vegetative state
Endospore
The ribosomal subunit structures in archaea are similar to which of the following? Bacteria Rickettsia Viruses Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
What general word is used to describe a preference for an environment such as high heat or high levels of salt?
Extremophile
True or false: Cell membranes are rigid, static structures that lend stability to cells.
False
When conditions are favorable, bacterial endospores break dormancy, known as entering which of the following cycles? Lytic Sporulation Lysogenic Germination
Germination
Which of the following are examples of organelles? Golgi apparatus Prokaryotes Endoplasmic reticulum Vacuoles
Golgi apparatus Endoplasmic reticulum Vacuoles
Which type of cell wall is thinner and does not retain the crystal violet stain in the gram stain?
Gram-negative
Which of the following describe green and purple sulfur bacteria? Aerobic Gram-positive Gram-negative Anaerobic
Gram-negative Anaerobic
Lipopolysaccharides are a component of the outer membrane of which of the following cell types? Gram-positive cells Mammalian cells Fungal cells Gram-negative cells Yeast cells
Gram-negative cells
Which of the following are characteristics inherent to life? Growth and development Heredity Sexual reproduction Metabolism
Growth and development, heredity, and metabolism
Which group of bacteria has a high tolerance for salt?
Halophiles
Which of the following bores through the stomach lining and causes gastric ulcers? Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus vulgaris Streptococcus pneumoniae Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori
Most bacteria are which of the following? Autotrophic Photosynthetic Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
Endotoxin is toxic to which of the following cells? Gram-positive cells Gram-positive and gram-negative cells Gram-negative cells Human and other mammalian cells
Human and other mammalian cells
Which group of bacteria grows at very high temperatures?
Hyperthermophiles
Put the steps of spore germination in order:
Initiation by a specific germination agent Enzymes digest the cortex and expose the core to water The core rehydrates The core takes up nutrients The cell becomes an active vegetative cell
Where do obligate intracellular parasites live?
Inside a host cell
When a bacterial cell loses its cell wall, it is known as ______
L form
Identify the two important diseases caused by mycobacteria. Multiple select question. Leprosy Tuberculosis Whooping cough Diphtheria
Leprosy Tuberculosis
Haemophilus influenzae is an encapsulated bacterium that can cause which of the following diseases? Multiple choice question. Ulcers Meningitis Influenza Anemia
Meningitis
Endotoxins (LPS) can stimulate fever and shock during which gram-negative infections? Strep throat Meningitis Typhoid fever Toxic shock syndrome
Meningitis and typhoid fever
Which type of organism converts CO2 and H2 into CH4 (methane)?
Methanogens
The presence of mycolic acid in which of the following genera of bacteria contributes to the pathogenicity of these organisms? Multiple select question. Proteus Streptococcus Mycobacterium Pseudomonas Nocardia
Mycobacterium Nocardia
Identify the structure that is absent in bacteria and archaea. Multiple choice question.
Nucleus
How many chromosomes do most bacteria contain?
One
Internal cell components such as the nucleus and mitochondria are known as ____________
Organelles
Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by all cells? Organelles Cytoplasm Cell membrane Chromosomes Ribosomes
Organelles
Which of the following antibiotics affect the integrity of the cell wall of bacteria, thereby making them susceptible to lysis? Multiple select question. Tetracycline Penicillin Erythromycin Cephalosporin
Penicillin and cephalosporin
The bulk of the Gram-positive cell wall is a homogeneous sheath of which of the following? Multiple choice question. Peptidoglycan Glycogen Lipopolysaccharide Cellulose Phospholipid
Peptidoglycan
Lysozyme digests which of the following in the bacterial cell wall? Multiple choice question. Phospholipids Peptidoglycans Lipopolysaccharides Teichoic acids
Peptidoglycans
Identify the area between the cell wall and cell membrane in gram-positive bacteria. Intercellular space Periplasmic space Cytoplasmic space Extracellular space
Periplasmic space
Which of the following describes a random arrangement of flagella distributed all over the bacterial cell? Monotrichous Amphitrichous Lophotrichous Peritrichous
Peritrichous
Which of the following bacteria could exhibit phototaxis? Helicobacter pylori Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Photosynthetic bacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria
__________ describes the movement towards or away from light?
Phototaxis
Bacterial appendages can be divided into which two functional groups? Storage of nutrients Provide motility Provide attachment sites or channels Generation of energy
Provide motility Provide attachment sites or channels
In order to destroy endospore-forming bacteria in canned foods, canning is carried out under which of the following conditions? Boiling at 100C for 20 minutes Pressurized steam at 120C for 20 minutes Boiling at 100C for one hour Pressurized steam at 120C for 2 hours
Pressurized steam at 120C for 20 minutes
50% of oxygen production through photosynthesis in the oceans is produced by which bacteria? Bacillus Prochlorococcus Trichodesium Streptococcus
Prochlorococcus Trichodesium
What are porins?
Protein channels that span the outer membrane.
Gliding bacteria belong to the Phylum ________
Proteobacteria
Which of the following are functions of the bacterial cell membrane? Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis Aid in motility Provide a site for energy reactions To maintain the structural strength of the cell A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
Provide a site for nutrient processing and synthesis Provide a site for energy reactions A barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
The presence of type IV pili cause a type of twitching movement in bacteria of which of the following genera? Escherichia Pseudomonas Staphylococcus Yersinia
Pseudomonas
The presence of type IV pili cause a type of twitching movement in bacteria of which of the following genera? Staphylococcus Escherichia Pseudomonas Yersinia
Pseudomonas
Which group of bacteria grow at very low temperatures?
Psychrophiles
________ ________ is a behavior of biofilms which occurs when individual species alter the expression of their genes to cooperate with other cells in the biofilm.
Quorum sensing
Identify three advantages of endospore formation. Multiple select question. The endospore allows faster cell replication. The endospore provides protection in dry conditions. The endospore is more resistant to antimicrobial agents. Endospores are highly resistant to radiation and heat. The endospore provides cell shape.
The endospore provides protection in dry conditions. The endospore is more resistant to antimicrobial agents. Endospores are highly resistant to radiation and heat.
Green and purple sulfur bacteria differ from cyanobacteria in which ways? They are heterotrophs and are not photosynthetic. They do not produce oxygen during photosynthesis. They have bacteriochlorophyll instead of chlorophyll. They have thylakoids.
They do not produce oxygen during photosynthesis. They have bacteriochlorophyll instead of chlorophyll.
Which of the following are characteristics of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes? They may possess a cell wall. They lack a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane They have phospholipids in their cell membrane. They possess chromosomes.
They may possess a cell wall. They have phospholipids in their cell membrane. They possess chromosomes.
Which of the following bacteria use their flagella to invade mucus membranes and cause infections? Vibrio cholerae Bacillus anthracis Helicobacter pylori Streptococcus pneumoniae
Vibrio cholerae Helicobacter pylori
Which of the following describes the periplasmic space in gram-negative bacteria? Well-developed Poorly defined Absent
Well-developed
The ______ - ______ stain is useful in the diagnosis of tuberculosis and leprosy.
acid-fast
What is the function of fimbriae?
adhesion
________ describes bacteria that do not use oxygen in their metabolism
anaerobic
In ______ reproduction, the offspring are clones of the parent cell
asexual
A(n) _______ filament is a periplasmic flagellum found in some spirochete bacteria.
axial
The two major types of prokaryotic cells are _____ and ______
bacteria and archaea
Green and purple sulfur bacteria differ from the cyanobacteria in having a different type of chlorophyll called __________
bacteriochlorophyll
_______ __________ in endospores removes water and leaves the endospore very dehydrated.
calcium dipicolinate
What cell envelope component is not a static structure? Nuclear membrane Peptidoglycan Cell wall Cell membrane
cell membrane
_______ __________ acts as a selective barrier between the internal and external contents of the cell
cell membrane
Viruses are not considered living things because they only show signs of life when they are inside a host ______
cell or organism
Peptidoglycan in the ______ _______ provides the structural support necessary to protect bacteria from lysis due to internal pressure.
cell wall
Internal membranes of certain bacteria are generally outgrowths of the ________ membrane.
cell/plasma
The DNA of an organism is organized into discrete bodies called ___________
chromosomes
he hereditary material of most bacteria exists in the form of a single _____________ strand of DNA.
circular
If microbiologists only used the Gram stain and shape to identify bacteria, we could not assign bacteria to a more specific level than _______________
class
When a rod-shaped bacterium is short and plump it is called a(n) ___________ and if it is gently curved it is called a(n) __________.
coccobacillus, vibrio
____________ diphtheriae are generally rod-shaped, in culture they may club-shaped, swollen, curved, filamentous and coccoid variations.
corynebacterium
___________ were the first photosynthesizers, responsible for converting the atmospheric from anaerobic to aerobic.
cyanobacteria
The cell envelope encloses the ______
cytoplasm
The cell membrane surrounds a complex solution of organic materials and salts that is referred to as _________
cytoplasm
Recent evidence suggests that bacteria, like eukaryotic cells, maintain and support cell shape through a network of protein fibers called __________
cytoskeleton
What is a major factor that stimulates endospore formation?
depletion of nutrients
What is formed during bacterial sporulation?
endospore
Lipopolysaccaride is classified as a(n) _______
endotoxin
Organisms such as the Archaea, are termed _________ because they are capable of living in very harsh environments.
extremophiles
Bacterial appendages that provide attachment sites or channels are called _______ and _______
fimbriae and pili
Appendages that propel bacterial cells through an aqueous environment include ________ and axial filaments
flagella
The ______________ of a bacterium rotates counterclockwise which causes the cell to "swim" in a smooth, linear direction toward a chemical stimulus.
flagella
The basal body, hook, and filament are components of ______ in bacteria
flagella
________ vesicles in cyanobacteria keep the cells suspended in the water column to facilitate photosynthesis.
gas
The ___________ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is called either a capsule or slime layer based on its structure.
glycocalyx
Members of Chlamydia are similar to those of Rickettsia in that they require host cells for which of the following? Growth Metabolism Transmission
growth and metabolism
What are fimbriae?
hairlike appendages that allow for attachment
All bacteria possess a cell _______ but not all bacteria possess a cell ________.
membrane, wall
The cytoskeleton is an intracellular network of ______, ________, and intermediate filaments that are found throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and contribute to cell shape.
microtubules, actin
The mycobacterial cell wall is imparted with a thick, waxy nature by the presence of ________ acid.
mycolic
What causes primary atypical "walking" pneumonia?
mycoplasma
Chlorophyll b and the bluish pigment __________ are the primary photosynthetic pigments of cyanobacteria and are located in the ____________
phycocyanin, thylakoids
The first edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology used a phenetic method of classification, the second edition uses a ________________ system
phylogenetic
Identify which of the following are external structures used primarily for direct contact interactions with other cells. Flagella Pili Cilia Fimbriae
pili and fimbriae
Bacterial pili are composed of the protein _________
pilin
Cyanobacteria have made contributions to eukaryotic evolution that include the chloroplasts of _______ and _______
plants, algae
The small, circular pieces of DNA of bacterial cells which can carry the traits for antibiotic resistance or toxin production are called _______
plasmids
Which of the following are small, circular pieces of DNA that exist independently within bacterial cytoplasm? Endospores Nucleoid Plasmids Ribosomes
plasmids
Term for multiple shapes and sizes among cells of the same species.
pleomorphism
Mycoplasmas are known for causing primary atypical ___________
pneumonia
In the fluid mosaic model, the membrane is a continuous bilayer formed by lipids with the ________ oriented outward and the ________ towards the center.
polar heads, nonpolar tails
___________ are special membrane channels located in the outer membrane of gram-negative cells.
porins
The Gram-_______ cell wall contains peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and lipoteichoic acid.
positive
Which are the two main functions of the glycocalyx? Protein synthesis Cell division Reproduction Protection Adherence
protection and adherence
According to the fluid mosaic model, the lipid bilayer is embedded with numerous globular _______
proteins
Gram-positive cells that have lost their cell wall are called _______
protoplasts
Many of the extreme halophiles synthesize ATP using a pigment of which color?
red
Fungal spores function in _______, while bacterial spores function in _______.
reproduction, protection
Which cellular structure is responsible for synthesizing proteins?
ribosome
Counterclockwise rotation of the flagellum causes a bacterial cell to swim or ________ towards a stimulus.
run
A "strain" is a subgroup of a _________
species
A bacterial ___________ is defined as a collection of cells that share a pattern of overall similarity in traits.
species
Gram-negative cells that have lost their cells walls, usually as a result of the activity of lysozyme or penicillin
spheroplasts
Once a vegetative bacterial cell is committed to sporulation the cell is called a(n) _________
sporangium
The depletion of nutrients, especially amino acids, is a stimulus for ________ in bacteria.
sporulation
__________ is a major component of cytoplasm
water