Chapter 4 Review quiz

For what activities does body use ATP

(ALL) -biking -studying -walking

What are the primary causes of peptic ulcer disease?

-Infection by Helicobacter pylori -heavy use of NSAIDs

Meal and lifestyle choices to decrease heartburn

-having oatmeal and banana with decaffeinated coffee -reduce portions and lose weight -sit up after eating

Help alleviate constipation

-increase water intake -eat more high fiber foods -develop regular bowel movement

In the cells, chemical reactions convert energy in glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into

ATP

Which part of meal provides most carbs?

Bread

What is phagocytosis?

Cell eating

with ___ the inflammation and ulceration can extend throughout GI tract and ulcers can form fistulae between areas of intestine or even organs outside of GI tract

Crohn's disease

___ may be caused by abnormal intestinal motility, alterations in gut microbiota, and or decreased abdominal threshold

IBS

Which part of meal provides protein

Meat, Bread and Cheese

Treu or false: Proteins are made of amino acids?

True

What is a probiotic?

a microorganism that colonizes the large intestine and thereby improves intestinal tract health

What is classification of mucus?

a thick fluid that protects body cells and lubricates digesting food to help it move smoothly along GI tract

What is endocytosis?

absorptive cells engulf nutrients

A moistened mass of food swallowed from oral cavity into pharynx is called ___

bolus

In the stomach, food becomes a very acidic, watery mixture containing enzymes that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called ___

chyme

function of sphincter of oddi

control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine

function of pyloric sphincter

control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine

What is the primary cause of death in children around the world?

diarrhea

Fluid and ___ are excreted rapidly and people become very ___

electrolytes, dehydrated

Pancreas secretes lipase, amylase and proteases which are all __ used to breakdown macronutrients

enzymes

Located near the throat, the ____________ is the flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea.

epiglottis

The ___ is a long tube in GI tract that connects throat with stomach

esophagus

What are nutrients absorbed in passive diffusion?

fat & water

Lipids are broken down into

fatty acids and glycerol

___ cause an immune response as result of exposure to certain food proteins

food allergies

___ caused by individual's inability to digest certain food components due to low amounts of specific enzymes

food intolerances

What nutrient is absorbed in facilitated diffusion?

fructose

Bile storage is concentrated in ___

gallbladder

Preventing ___ includes keep healthy weight, avoid rapid weight loss, choose plant proteins, eat high fiber diet, use unsaturated fats, and exercise

gallstones

symptoms of ___ include pain in right upper abdomen, pain between shoulders, nausea, vomit, gas, and bloating

gallstones

A term that refers to stomach is ___

gastric

Carbohydrates are broken down into

glucose

What nutrients are absorbed in active absorption?

glucose and amino acids

___ occurs when stomach acid backs up into esophagus

heartburn

Experiencing ___ 2+ times per week may signal more serious reflex disease ___

heartburn, GERD

What is classification of bile?

helps fat digestion by suspending tiny fat droplets in watery chyme in the small intestine known as micelles

___ can be caused by intense pressure during bowel movements, prolonged sitting and violent cough/sneeze

hemorrhoids

swollen veins of rectum and anus known as ___

hemorrhoids

symptoms of ___ may include itching, pain and bleeding

hemorrhoids

What nutrients are absorbed in phagocytosis?

immune substances from human milk

Symptoms of ___ include rectal bleeding, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss and fever

inflammatory bowel disease

most common form of ___ are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease

inflammatory bowel disease

What is the function of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)?

inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates insulin release

What is the function of peptide YY?

inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretions

What is the function of somatostatin?

inhibits release of GI hormones; slows gastric emptying, GI motility, and blood flow to intestine

A mixture of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, methane and small amounts of sulfur can cause bloating and abdominal pain known as ___

intestinal gas

___ comes from swallowed air and breakdown of undigested carbs by bacteria in large intestine

intestinal gas

The stomach also produces important substance called __ __ that is important for absorption of vitamin B 12

intrinsic factor

eliminating dairy, wheat, bananas, coffee and corn provide relief to some with ___

irritable bowel syndrome

symptoms of ___ include irregular bowel function, abdominal pain, and abdominal distension

irritable bowel syndrome

All absorbed nutrients eventually travel to the

liver

Bile is necessary for some nutrient digestion and absorption; it's produced in the ___

liver

Order of sphincters

lower esophageal, pyloric, Oddi, ileocecal, anal

What is classification of saliva?

lubricates food in preparation for swallowing

What is classification of bicarbonate?

neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches small intestine, thereby protecting small intestine from damage by acid

Diarrhea in young children caused by ___ found in ___, food and human or animal ___

pathogenic microorganisms, water, waste

Muscular contractions occurring throughout GI tract that move food along are called ___

peristalsis

The treat otherwise known as ___ an organ that is located at back of oral and nasal cavities

pharynx

Function of lower esophageal sphincter

prevent back flow (reflux) of stomach contents into esophagus

Function of ileocecal sphincter

prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

Function of anal sphincter

prevents defecation until person desires to do so

What is classification of enzymes?

promotes breakdown of nutrients into components that are small enough for absorption

At the base of the stomach is the ____ ____ that controls rate at which food leaves stomach and enters small intestine

pyloric sphincter

large meals and foods of citrus foods, caffeine, spicy foods, tomato based foods may increase ___

reflux

What is the function of motilin?

regulates motility of GI tract

What is the function of gastric inhibitory peptide?

signals the stomach to limit the release of gastric juices and slows gastric motility

The primary site of nutrient absorption is

small intestine

What is the function of secretin?

stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate

What is the function of Cholecystokinin?

stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder respectively

Hydrochloric acid is secreted in the

stomach

What is the order of the digestive system organs in image:

stomach, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, jejunum, ileocecal valve, large intestine, ileum, appendix

Bicarbonate is a base with alkaline pH that neutralizes acidity of chyme as it moves from __ to ___

stomach, small intestine

____ is most common treatment for gallstones

surgical removal of gallbladder

What is the function of gastrin?

triggers stomach to release HCL and pepsinogen; stimulates gastric and intestinal motility

with ___ recurring inflammation and ulceration occur in the innermost layer of large intestine

ulcerative colitis

What is simple diffusion?

when molecules spread from an area of high to an area of low concentration

What is facilitated diffusion?

when molecules spread from an area of high to an area of low concentration and use Carrier protein

___ refers to the muscular contractions that move food along GI tract

Peristalsis

True or False: Glucose, protein, glycerol and long-chain fatty acids are absorbed from small intestine directly into bloodstream?

false

Which of the following correctly traces path of food through GI tract?

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine

cause of __ is unknown, but factors are hiatal hernia, alcohol use, overweight, smoking and pregnancy

GERD

What is active absorption?

Move from lower to higher concentration through cellular energy -carrier protein and energy used

If the stomach is so acidic, why doesn't the acid eat away at the stomach lining and cause holes in the stomach?

The stomach is lined with a layer of mucus that protects it

Primary nutrient bile is responsible for digesting and absorbing is ___

fat