Chapter 4: Social Perception and Managing Diversity

Characteristics of the target include

- facial features and body shape - nonverbal cues - physical attractiveness

Which of the following are true concerning perceptions in performance appraisals?

- inaccurate performance apprasials can arise from faulty perceptions - biases of perception can be decreased if objective performance measures are used - performance diaries can help managers recall employee actions with greater accuracy

Place the stages of social perception in order:

(1) selective attention/comprehension (2) encoding and simplification (3) storage and retention (4) retrieval ans response

Which of the following are among the most preferred action options in response to diversity issues?

- mutual adaptation - inclusion - building relationships

Select ways companies are responding to the challenges of managing diversity.

- responding to changing customer demographics - paying attention to sexual orientation - helping women navigate their careers

Select barriers to implementing successful diversity programs.

- unsupportive or hostile work environment - negative diversity climate - poor career planning

Examples of external influences of diversity are:

- where you live - your religious affiliation - your work experiences

Rank the four steps in the stereotyping process.

(1) categorization (2) inferences (3) expectations (4) maintenance

Which responses from management suggest a suppression approach to diversity issues?

- "you've got to pay your dues" - "quit whining"

Which of the following are true concerning the experience of the LGBTQ workforce?

- the lack of inclusion often experienced by LGBTQ employees can impact their work engagement and performance - many states do not offer workplace protections on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity - work environments that are unwelcoming can lead to increased turnover of LGBTQ employees

What was the population size and event of traditionalists?

38.6 million - the great depression

What was the population size and event of Gen Zers?

86 million - the election of Barack Obama

What did medical device maker Arthrex and Shaw Industries Inc. incorporate to raise productivity, satisfaction, and motivation among Hispanic employees?

Customized training programs to improve communication skills

Characteristics that take awhile to emerge during interactions, such as attitudes, opinions and values, are called ___-___ characteristics.

Deep-level

The statistical measurements of populations and their qualities, such as age, gender, race, and income over time are:

Demographics

A firm that lacks diversity among its workforce but insists that the company does not take into account factors such as age, gender, or ethnicity in making hiring decisions is using which generic action option in response to diversity issues?

Deny

The ___ option in Thomas's framework means people refute that differences exist.

Deny

Toleration differs from isolation as an approach to diversity issues in that

Diverse people are included, but their differences are not valued or appreciated

Adopting policies and procedures that meet the needs of all employees encourages more ___ in organizations.

Diversity

Gardenswartz and Rowe identified layers of ___ to help distinguish the important ways in which people differ.

Diversity

___ is the many individual differences and similarities among people.

Diversity

Millenials

Entitled, civil minded, close parental envolvement, cyber literacy, appreciate diversity, multitasking

Which type of memory includes information on sequences of things that have happened in familiar situations?

Event memory

True or false: To motivate younger employees, experts recommend that employers restrict access to social media on company devices.

False

The ___ option in Thomas' framework means people are willing to adapt or change their views for the sake of creating positive relationships.

Foster mutual adaptation

Culture and race consistency affect our social perceptions by making it easier to recognize and understand the emotions and behaviors of others who are

From our own race or culture

One's tendency to blame another person's behavior on that person's personal characteristics as opposed to situational influences is known as ___ ___ bias.

Fundamental attribution

What invention defined millennials?

Google and facebook

Categorization stereotypes

Grouping criteria such as gender, age, race and occupation

People with disabilities

Have a higher unemployment rate than those without disabilities

In responses to changes in its core customer demographics, Target launched a campaign to reach out to ___ customers.

Hispanic

Any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness are examples of

Implicit cognition

The ___/___ option in Thomas' framework has the goal to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people at all levels of the firm.

Include/exclude

A person who ranks both consensus and distinctiveness low and consistency high is likely to attribute behavior to ___ causes.

Internal

When considering attribution theory, managers should remember that we tend to attribute behavior to ___ causes.

Internal

Expectation stereotypes

Interpreting people's behavior according to our expectations

In the United States, by 2060 whites will constitute

Less than half of the population.

What invention defined gen Xers?

Mobile phone

Gen Zers

Multitasking, difial natives, independent learners, online life, communicate fast and online

The idea that older workers are less motivated is a

Negative stereotype

Your personal and professional success most heavily depends on

Others' perceptions of you

Traditionalist

Patriotic, loyalty, disciplined, conformist, high work ethic, respect for authority

Who are on-ramping programs designed to help?

People reentering the workforce after a temporary career break

A cognitive process that enables people to interpret and understand their surroundings is called ___.

Perception

Object recognition is a major function of ___.

Perception

Faulty ___ about good versus poor performance can lead to inaccurate performance appraisals.

Perceptions

What invention defined baby boomers?

Personal computer

In the isolation approach, managers respond to diversity issues by

Placing certain employees in functionally independent "silos"

What approach to training and learning activities should employers use when attempting to retain an aging workforce?

Provide equal access to both younger and older employees

Managers can reduce the effect of stereotypes by

Providing education about how stereotypes work

Gen Xers

Self-reliant, work-life balance, adaptable, cynical, distrust authority, independent, technologically savvy

An individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics and attributes of a group is called a:

Stereotype

Studies show that women have a harder time being perceived as effective leaders, which is a result of a negative ___.

Stereotype

Organizations compete more effectively when employees feel their managers are doing which of the following?

Supporting, valuing, and including them

The ___ option in Thomas' framework means that differences are squelched or discouraged.

Suppress

Casual attributions refer to

Suspected causes of behavior

Psychological safety

The extent to which people feel comfortable to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences

Which of the following is true of stereotypes?

They are an individual's feelings about a group of people

The ___ option in Thomas' framework involves acknowledging differences but not valuing or accepting them.

Tolerate

Which action option is among the least preferred responses to diversity issues?

Toleration

True or false: According to research, people with tattoos have the same rates of employment and the same average earnings as people without tattoos.

True

True or false: The U.S. government disqualifies transgender people from serving in the military.

True

When someone has a job that takes less education than they have, it is called

Underemployment

The relationship building response to diversity issues seeks to foster relationships between diverse employee groups characterized by which features?

Understanding and acceptance

Which approach did Target use in its social media campaign to target a new core demographic?

Using spanish words that have no english equivalent

In managerial and professional jobs

Women of color are represented better than men of color

Affirmative action programs have generated many opportunities for ___ and ___.

Women; minorities

Baby boomer

Workaholic, idealistic, work ethic, competitive, materialistic, seek personal fulfillment

When the racial-ethnic makeup of store employees matches that of customers,

Workers are more productive and customers are more pleased

What is the purpose of the fellowship initiative instituted by JPMorgan Chase?

to provide academic and leadership training to young men of color

Select barriers to successful diversity programs at work.

- assumption that majority culture is universal - negative diversity climate - prejudice and stereotyping of women and minorities

Which of the following are methods that have been used by major corporations to respond to issues regarding sexual orientation and transgender rights?

- offering transgender-inclusive health insurance - assisting with taxes imposed on same-sex couples in states that did not recognize same-sex marriage - maintaining an inclusive culture

How is perception related to organizational behavior?

- perception of people, rather than objects, is the focus of a discussion of perception in organizations - organizational behavior is more concerned with perception of reality than actual reality - perception helps people decipher their surroundings

Select the four layers of diversity.

- personality - external dimensions - internal dimensions - organizational dimensions

Select ways firms can retain an aging workforce.

- provide challenging work assignments - design a stimulating and fun work environment - frequently recognize skills, experience, and wisdom gained over the years

Select ways companies are responding to the challenges of diversity.

- resolving generational differences - providing training to bridge the gap between education and job - addressing changing customer demographics

Select all of the approaches used on the individual corporate level to make technically oriented jobs accessible to less-qualified candidates.

- specialized training programs - apprenticeships - internships

Select actions that employees feel represent good leadership.

- telling others that they have done well - setting specific goals for the group - assigning tasks to group members

Which of the following describe circumstances facing people with disabilities?

- the americans with disabilities act protects their workplace rights - they have high unemployment rates - they are a valuable source of talent for many corporations

What was the population size and event of Gen Xers?

65 million - AIDS

What was the population size and event of millennials?

71 million - 9/11 terrorist attacks

What was the population size and event of baby boomers?

73 million - the Vietnam war

Generational differences in the workforce

Are larger than ever

The ___ option in Thomas' framework is based on the premise that eventually all people will learn to blend in or become like the dominant group.

Assimilate (third)

The premise that people infer causes for observed behavior is the basis of ___ theory.

Attribution

Assigning someone's behavior to his or her personal characteristics instead of the circumstances is called:

Fundamental attribution bias

Which type of bias contributes the most to managers inaccurately evaluating a job applicant's suitability for a job?

Fundamental attribution bias

The workforce includes greater ___ diversity than ever before due to the population getting older but continuing to hold jobs.

Generational

Which generic action option is an outgrowth of affirmative action programs and attempts to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people throughout an organization?

Include/exclude

Consistency

Judges whether a person's performance on a task is consistent over time

What are the two characteristics of the situation that affect the social perception process?

- Context of interaction - culture and race consistency

Which of the following statements about workplace challenges for LGBTQ people are true?

- LGBTQ employees often suffer deficits in their work engagement and performance because of a lack of inclusion - most fortune 500 companies offer workplace protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity - organizations will suffer if the LGBTQ workforce feels disenfranchised

Select barriers to successful diversity programs at work.

- a need to revamp firm's performance appraisal and reward system - resistance to change - diversity is not the firm's priority

Which of the following are ways in which organizations pursue an assimilation approach to diversity issues?

- by employing orientation programs that introduce standard operating procedures - by providing policies that instruct employees on what to do in specific situations - by using recruitment practices that emphasize company values

Which of the following has been shown to kick-start mutual adaptation?

Diversity training

Diversity climate

A subcomponent of an organization's overall atmosphere as defined by employees' aggregate perceptions about the firms diversity related format structure characteristics and informal values

The glass ceiling refers to

A very real, yet unseen barrier to high-level advancement for women

What is the best way to celebrate your uniqueness while remembering that some people are uncomfortable with individual differences?

Just be yourself

The ___ ___ option in Thomas' framework is based on the belief that good relationships can rise above differences.

Build relationships

How do people make judgements or decisions at the end of the social perception process?

By drawing on information or past decisions stored in long-term memory

Affirmative action programs

Can be voluntary or mandatory

Research shows that effective mentoring of Hispanics and other workers from minority groups can significantly improve

Career progression and retention

Employees' evaluations of leader effectiveness are strongly influenced by their ___ knowledge of what constitutes good and poor leadership.

Categorical

Mental groups of objects that are considered equivalent are called

Cognitive concepts

Which characteristic of the perceiver has to do with the amount of activity happening in the perceiver's brain?

Cognitive load

Distinctiveness

Compares a person's performance on one task to behavior on other tasks

Consensus

Compares an individual's behavior to that of his or her peers

Kelley hypothesized that people make casual attributions by observing three dimensions of behavior called ___ ___ and ___.

Consensus; distinctiveness; consistency

A person who attributes behavior to external causes would give a low rank which dimension of behavior?

Consistency

Which characteristic of the perceiver is the first step of the perception process?

Direction of gaze

The ___ option in Thomas' framework is based on the action of moving the diverse person off to the side.

Isolate

Eagly and Carli determined that modern women have a career path that

Resembles a labyrinth

Comparing performance on one task with performance on other tasks is characteristic of which dimension of attribution theory?

Distinctiveness

Managing ___ helps maintain and grow an organization in an increasingly competitive marketplace.

Diversity

___ management focuses on changing an organization's culture and infrastructure such that people work to the highest productivity possible.

Diversity

___ dimensions of diversity represent differences that we have a greater ability to influence or control.

External

What invention defined traditionalists?

Fax machine

Maintenance stereotypes

Differentiating minority individuals from ourselves

A situation in which employment decisions about a person are due to reasons not associated with performance or are not related to the job is called ___.

Discrimination

Organizations cannot discriminate due to ___.

Race, pregnancy, and age

Organizational behavior emphasizes ___ perception rather than object perception

Social

What invention defined gen Zers?

Social media and iPhone apps

Which nonverbal cues suggest that someone is defensive?

- folded arms - crossed legs - facial scowl

What are the main ideas behind the access-and-legitimacy perspective?

- an organization's markets and constituencies are culturally diverse - an organization's workforce should reflect the diversity of its customers

Which of the following statements regarding attribution theory are true?

- attribution theory says behavior can be caused by external or internal influences - the 3 dimensions of behavior vary independently in the creation of attributions - ability is an internal facor

Which of the following are true considering managerial implications of attribution along tendencies?

- attributional biases can lead to innapropriate managerial action and, subsequently, decreased employee motivation and performance - the way employees perform depends on the attributions they make for their performance - the role of internal causes of behavior is usually exaggerated

Mismatches between work and education can include

- being overqualified for a job - lacking skills employers want - being unable to read well

The ways managers can work to reduce stereotyping include:

- educating employees about how stereotypes influence behavior - creating opportunities for diverse employees to work together as equals - encouraging employees to increase their awareness of stereotypes

Select the components or strategies for successful diversity training in organizations.

- educational - exposure - enforcement

Studies have shown that

- firms with at least one woman on the board of directors have outperformed companies with no women on the board - millennial workers do not yet have the job experience to fill roles held by retiring baby boomers - white americans will be less than half of the population within fifty years

Characteristics of the perceiver include

- gender and emotional status - direction of gaze - cognitive load

The US workforce

- has more generational variation than ever - includes four generations and will soon have a fifth - population are getting older

Which of the following trends suggest the existence of a glass ceiling for minorities?

- hispanics and african americans comprise a smaller relative share of the professional class - hispanics and african americans earn less than whites on average - there has been a marked increase in racial discrimination cases

Which of the following are true concerning implicit cognition?

- it can lead to biased decisions - it happens without conscious awareness - it comes from people's memory

Select improvements made in women's equality by 2018.

- leadership positions in schools and government - higher educational attainment than men - more seats on boards of directors

Surface-level characteristics are

- located between personality ans external influences on the diversity wheel - readily discernible to other people - viewed as being unchangeable

Reasons for managing diversity go beyond its ___, ___ or ___ dimensions.

- social - moral - legal

Inferences stereotypes

Assuming people in a certain category possess the same traits

The process of becoming consciously aware of someone or something is called ___.

Attention

Self-serving bias implies that people will credit successes to controllable ___ factors and failures to uncontrollable ___ factors.

Internal; external

Managing diversity and targeting specific demographics

Is a good business move

Which stage of social perception involves turning mental perceptions into real-world judgements and decisions?

Retrieval and response

In the encoding and simplification stage, we assign pieces of information to cognitive categories that build on a ___ representing a mental picture or summary that helps simplify our experience.

Schema

One's tendency to take credit for success and deny blame for failure is called:

Self-serving bias

General knowledge about the world is stored in ___ memory, whereas knowledge about individuals is stored in ___ memory.

Semantic; person

The three components of perception include

Situation, target, and perceiver