Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age. Multiple choice question.
risk taking and impulsivity
An important form of reciprocal socialization is __________ , in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.
scaffolding
An important form of reciprocal socialization is ___________, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.
scaffolding
The term __________ anxiety describes the behavior of infants who cry when their caregivers leave them.
seperation
The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal ____________.
socialization
The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role. Multiple choice question.
subsystems
An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.
temperament
___________ is the term used to describe individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding.
temperament,
The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as
transactional.
In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner. Multiple choice question.
trust
The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow ______. Multiple choice question.
up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave
According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old.
yelled at their infant
In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care?
12%
In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______. Multiple choice question.
13 to 15 months
In 1992, the European Union mandated a
14-week paid maternity leave.
About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care. Multiple choice question.
2 million
According to one survey, by 2012 the number of stay-at-home dads in the United States was estimated to be Multiple choice question.
2 million.
The NICHD longitudinal study found that results were less optimal when children spent more than ______ in child care. Multiple choice question.
30 hours per week
Select all that apply Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?
7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame
Select all that apply Which types of behavior represent an infant's biological tendency to elicit attachment behavior from caregivers?
Cooing at the caregiver Following the caregiver Clinging to the caregiver
Select all that apply Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?
Cries Smiles
According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds? Multiple choice question.
Diverting the infant's attention
Which statement is true about cultural influences on emotional development?
East Asian parents are more likely to encourage emotional reserve in their children.
_____________ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.
Emotions
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.
______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.
Face-to-face
True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.
False
True or false: One surprising finding of the NICHD longitudinal study was that the majority of child care provided in the first three years of life was of high quality. True false question.
False
Select all that apply According to participant evaluation, which of the following were some of the results of the Bringing Home Baby project?
Fathers were more sensitive and involved. Mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression.
Select all that apply Infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following?
Gaze following Joint attention
Which statement is true of stranger anxiety?
It appears at about 6 months of age.
Which statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Choose every correct answer.)
It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.
Which of the following is the best description of the Bringing Home Baby project?
It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.
______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably. Multiple choice question.
Locomotion
Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months? (Choose every correct answer.)
Neglect Abuse
Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends?
One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.
Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed which of the following trends? Multiple choice question.
One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.
Match Bowlby's phase of infant attachment with its characteristic behavior.
Phase 1 Attachment to all humans Phase 2 Attachment to one figure Phase 3 Actively seeks contact Phase 4 Awareness of feelings of others
Which of the following has the greatest negative impact on low-income children when it comes to child care? Multiple choice question.
Poor-quality child care
Select all that apply Which terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well? (Choose every correct answer.)
Reciprocal Synchronous
Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli? Multiple choice question.
Reflexive
______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.
Scaffolding
What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?
Self-conscious emotions
In which category did Chess and Thomas place children who are somewhat negative and exhibit a low activity level and low mood intensity? Multiple choice question.
Slow-to-warm-up
A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results?
The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.
Which of the following are types of infant cries?
The basic cry The pain cry The anger cry
True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio. True false question.
True
True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another. True false question.
True
True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.
True
Select all that apply According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?
Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Women improved family task management. Men became more concerned with intimacy.
The term stranger ______________ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.
anxiety
More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults
cannot receive paid leave.
Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds in a cooperative task is most likely
coincidental rather than cooperative.
Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ________ with her parents.
communicate or interact
An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of ___________.
crying
When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of _____________ diversity on emotional development.
cultural or culture
According to Chess and Thomas' classification, a child who generally adapts well to new experiences and exhibits a positive mood is classified as a(n) __________ child.
easy
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an ____________
emotion or emotoin
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an
emotion.
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
emotions.
Who is more likely to bounce infants, toss them in the air, or tickle them? Multiple choice question.
fathers
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience?
guilt
Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care.
high-quality
Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play. Multiple choice question.
imitative and reciprocal
According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs
in the first year of life.
According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs Multiple choice question.
in the first year of life.
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of Multiple choice question.
independence.
When the caregiver and infant are able to focus on the same object it is called Multiple choice question.
joint attention.
In 1991 the NICHD conducted a comprehensive Multiple choice question.
longitudinal study of child care.
Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.
multiple
The emotions that infants begin to express during the second half of their first year of life involve recognizing the emotional reactions of ______________
others or other people
Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either
positive or negative.
Select all that apply The NICHD study on child care was conducted by using which of the following methods?
questionnaires trained observers interviews
Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.
reciprocal
Melissa is a 9-month-old child who loves playing pat-a-cake with her mother. This type of play is an example of
reciprocal socialization.
Select all that apply A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following?
Age-appropriate toys for play. Age-appropriate activities. A safe environment.
At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?
Between 18 and 24 months
In general, infant fear first emerges at _______ months and peaks at about ________ months
Blank 1: 6, six, 6 months, or six months Blank 2: 18, eighteen, 18 months, or eighteen months
In general, infant fear first emerges at ________________ months and peaks at about _____________ months.
Blank 1: 6, six, 6 months, or six months Blank 2: 18, eighteen, 18 months, or eighteen months
Babies have at least three types of cries: a basic cry, a(n) __________ cry, and a(n) ___________ cry.
Blank 1: anger or angry Blank 2: pain or pained
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as _________________
Blank 1: personality or traits
In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as _______________ emotions, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ______________ emotions.
Blank 1: positive or pleasant Blank 2: negative or unpleasant
Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of ___________ socialization.
Blank 1: reciprocal
A(n) __________________ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a(n) ____________ smile does.
Blank 1: reflexive, reflective, or reflexsive Blank 2: social
