Chapter 4 Sociology

The Thomas theorem states that

"if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences."

When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that

People see themselves as they think others see them

Sociologists use what concept to refer to behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status?

Role

What is the concept that refers to the conflict among roles corresponding to two or more statuses?

Role conflict

Which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact?

Social construction of reality

Which concept refers to a social position that is assumed voluntarily and that reflects a significant measure of personal ability and effort?

achieved status

What concept refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life?

ascribed status

An important element of nonverbal communication is

body language

Nonverbal communication refers to

body movements, gestures, and facial expressions.

What does the term "presentation of self" mean?

create specific impressions in the minds of others

Which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?

master status

What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

personality

What is the term for the process by which people disengage from important social roles?

role exit

According to Erving Goffman, we engage in a _____ when we use costumes, props, tone of voice, and gestures to convey information to others.

role performance

Which concept refers to the tension among roles connected to a single status?

role strain

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as

significant others

Mead placed the origin of the self on which of the following

social experience

What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?

socialization

Which of the following concepts defines a social position that a person holds?

status set

"Personal space" refers to

the surrounding area over which an individual makes some claim to privacy.