Chapter 4 The First Age of Empires

New Kingdom

(1550 BCE - 1100 BCE) Period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by strong pharaohs who conquered an empire that stretched from Nubia in the south, to the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia.

Thutmose III

A pharaoh during the Middle Kingdom that was one of the greatest conquerers and many new lands were brought under control under his reign

Chp 4. Sec. 3 Aim: How did the Persians establish a well-ordered Empire that lasted 200 years?

By governing in a way of acceptance, wisdom and peace this way of governing thrived. It allowed for more culturally diverse civilizations and a more civilized area in general. Unlike the Assyrians Darius ruled in this manner. By splitting up his empire into 20 provinces he was in a state of control and order while still allowing personal freedom for the people. Cyrus also had a kind approach to conquering and understanding in his actions. Unlike Darius and Cyrus Cambyses began to ruler and conquer with no mercy. He did not tend to pick up on his fathers selfless ways and was not seen as a wise ruler .

Essential Question: Why do Civilizations/Empires rise and fall?

Civilizations where conquered by other stronger powerful and more ruthless civilizations, fell because their government and ruling system didn't last and ciaos arose, and/or people leaving the one Empire depended on the other empire. Civilizations could rise with a strong government and lack of rebuttal and ciaos, Become a powerful ruling force and take over, have an organized way of life, and/or people would chose to stay In the Empire and fend for their territory.

Main Chp.4 Sec.4

Confucius believed that social order, harmony, and good government could be restored in China by the practice of Social order, harmony, good government(based on family relationships), Respect, and Education. Confucius elaborates of the fact that respect is very important and is what sets us apart from just plain obedience. so his use of family relationships and respect the practice of social, harmony, and good government allows for a clear view on his organized thoughts. Education is also important to him because to him it drives not only the person in being successful and competent but the whole civilization as well. Overall his thoughts are very clear and well thought out which would lead to a civilization of order, acceptance and respect for all. The legalist sees order as being restored by the use of a strong controlling government, punishments, efficiency and organization. In legalism the use of government control is extremely important. In legalism most to all of the Power goes to the government which allows them to dedicate many things and control almost every certain aspects of the citizens lives. Often punishments would be used to address a crime. The level of severity of the crime will vary leading to variety in the punishments. Some being as aggressive as cutting of a limb of death. And finally all ideas where strictly prohibited by the government if not followed the same Government ideas. The government odes this to stay in control of the citizens actions and motifs. The measures Shi Huangdi took to crush political opposition at home was firstly forcing Nobles to move to his capital city and give up their land in the country." He destroyed his enemies, controled ideas, burning books. Forced peasants to build road network to link Empire. He set standards for writing, money, law and weights and measures to be followed throughout the empire. In the past some Chinese Emperors had built sections of wall to try to block attacks from northern nomads. He had hundreds of thousands of poor people connect these sections of wall and make a huge barrier." All these factors where supposed to contribute to him remaining in control. his motives where evident and he want the establish and autocracy and rule with unlimited power.

Main Idea Chp.4 Sec.3

Cyrus was known in history as a well respected person who believed in being one with nature Is the only way the enlightened in the world. His ways where very much polar opposite of the Assyrian Empire. He embraced other cultures and believed that people where allowed to be represented in whichever culture they would like. He also ordered his army not to burn or loot. This really conveys his message of peace being represented no matter the people, place/territory, or culture(including religion). The tools Darius used to hold together his empire was first of all his caring and accepting spirit. However, not only that he divided his empire into 20 provinces which where look over by different rulers. The citizens where also supposed to pay a tax for living in this community. He used coins as a way of trade. This became now known as modern currency and economic usage. Zoroaster teaches the push and pull through life with good and evil o r light and dark. These two opposing terms are strung together and shown as a flow through the challenge, fazes an, events through life. This is represented as Yin and Yang which in these tow different monochromatic colors of black and white are shown in a synchronized pattern.

Hatshepsut

First female pharaoh who expanded Egypt through trade

Chp 4 Sec 2 Aim: How did Assyria develop a strong military and a well organized administration?

It is well known that the Assyrians where one of the "strongest military" in Egypt. Using brute force and little to no mercy allowed for them to dethrone many other strong armies and civilizations. Even going to the lengths to brag about the cruelty they implemented on others. They developed this well organized administration by the use of many tactics such as state-of-the-art weaponry( such as iron & copper weapons), advanced planning, and their lack of empathy. The Assyrians often used iron and copper weapons and armor that was also padded with stiff leather. Not only where these tools very good in hand-to-hand combat they also where very durable as well. The Assyrians always had a tactical plan in invading an conquering an empire of land. Such as "When deep water blocked their, passage engineers would span the rivers with pontoons, or floating structures used to support a bridge." They used tactics like this is assess there predicament and solve it without detection of rebuttal. These tactics allowed for the Assyrians to stay in control for a long time until the Assyrians Enemies formed one strong alliance and took their military down.

Piankhi

Kushite king who conquered all of Egypt

Main ideas: Chapter.4 Section.1"

New Egypt began to expand on power and wealth through trading goods and ideas, conquering new land, and building monuments. Trading was very prominent in this era as it marked for a new coming of age for cultural diffusion between territories. An example of this is the use of the Nile River for commercial trade as it was used by many and was a central are where all the different territories shared idea, traded goods, and traded services. As well as trading conquering new lands aloud for the growth of the expand therefore, becoming more powerful all together. an example of this is Hyksos invasion on Egypt using brute force an little to no empathy. The final point is the building of monuments. Monuments where used to represent a lot of unique different meanings such as religion, worship of gods, worship of rulers, and other equally as important cultural meanings. An example of this is a carved image of a ram into stone which in Nubian culture represented an Egyptian god. The Kushites adopted many aspects of Egyptian culture such as clothing, religion, customs, language, and others. Religion was a vital point in these cultures because they both worshiped the same god Egyptian gods. There choice in clothing was also heavily influenced by the Egyptian culture. They wore similar clothing the Egyptian upper-class members. In terms of language the Kushites also adopted that as well. They used the same writing systems as the Egyptians. They also learned to speak the same language as the Egyptians. Kush was able to thrive after losing Egypt to the Assyrians because of several reasons first of all after the pensive down fall of Kush they were able to benefit by moving its capital to Meroe which improved trade by using the Red Sea instead of the Nile River. The region also had an abundance of resources such as iron and plentiful rainfall which in very beneficial for agriculture because having the fertile soil from the rain fall would allow them to irrigate with ease and have more specialized jobs. The iron and other resources was good for trading and cultural diffusion.

Chp. 4 Sec .1 Aim: How did the Egyptian and Nubian Empires forge commercial, cultural, and political connections?

Nubia and Egypt had a lot of cultural interactions which shaped how each culture developed including art, agriculture and politically. Both of these empires used the Nile for commercial trade and development. This aided tremendously in the cultural diffusion of these two civilizations. they also where ruled under the same ruler which was the Egyptian pharaoh. This allowed for them to have similar ways of life from the beginning. They lived in the same area/land as well which is accountable for many of the similarities in agriculture as they where limited to many different crops because of the climate. Finally, Nubia and Egypt where linked from the start so when the Nubian civilization was knocked down Egypt welcomed them back shamelessly. It is very evident the Nubian and Egyptian culture remained similar as they are in the same time zones, and the same agriculture, shared the same land/area, and even where ruled by the same Egyptian Pharaoh which have lead to what these two cultures are like today.

Ramses II

Pharaoh and great builder of Egypt

Chp 4. Sec.4 Aim: Explain three chinese ethical systems and describe the building of the great wall. Identify and evaluate the influence of major philosophies that developed during the Warring Period in China: Daoism and Confucianism.

The three Chinese ethical systems(Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism) where the different systems that had different regulations that needed to be upheld. Confucianism addresses respect, education, and social order, Daoism addresses that natural order is more important than social order, and finally, Legalism which addresses the use of punishments, legal order, and having a powerful government. The Great Wall of China was a use of defending China and detection by the Chinese emperor. in the illustration people are shown building and carrying materials to the giant structure. Today the Great wall of China is seen a momentous figure and is visited by many. During the time of War in China Daoism and Confucianism allowed for a more civilized approach to life. They allowed for people to live a simple way of life of freedom and acceptance. These philosophies allowed for a new age of progressive thinking and helped develop China as we know it.

Analyze Biography p.90 Hatshepsut

This is a primary and secondary source of Hatsheput. The excerpt states Hatshepsut was an excellent ruler ofoutstanding achievement who made Egypt more prosperous. I can infer that he made Egypt powerful through trade and agriculture. This is important because it would lead to the major developments in Egyptian culture and Science/technology.

Analyze Primary Source p.100 Bible Ezra 1: 2-3

This is a primary source if Bible Ezra 1: 2-3. The excerpt states" To every man of his people now among you I say, God be with him, and let him go up to Jerusalem in Judah, and rebuild the house of the Lord the God of Israel, the God whose city is Jerusalem." We can infer that Cyrus was religously tolerant and accepting. This is important because there has been a shift in government control and allowed for more freedom and acceptance of cultures.

Analyze Primary Source p. 105 Analects Confucius

This is a primary source of Analects Confucius and Confucius, Analects 2.7. The verse conveys the Master said: "Nowadays people think they are dutiful sons when they feed their parents. Yet they also feed their dogs and horses. Unless there is respect, where is the difference?". I can infer that the Master believes in respect as a right that people are deserving of. This is important because the Master is conveying his openminded opinion on a subject that would mold and change the point of view of people who do not use respect as a tool to better themselves of their environment.

Analyze Primary Source p. 97 Bible Nahum 3:7, 18

This is a primary source of Bible Nahum 3:7, 18. The excerpt states. "Thy shepherds slumber, O king of Assyria: thy nobles shall dwell in the dust: thy people is scattered upon the mountains, and no man gathereth them." I can infer that the Assyrians bad ways have caught up to them and led them to a route of many enemies therefore leading to the Assyrians down fall. This is important because it shows the time progression in the Assyrians empowerment all the way the its downfall and the events that led to that outcome.

Art Analysis p.94 Ring with head of Kushite guardian god in Meroe Queens Pyramid

This is a secondary source of the Ring with head of Kushite guardian god in Meroe Queens Pyramid. This shows a ring made out of gold and jewels with many small details and a head at the top. I can infer that these where made to signify wealth and riches because of the intricate detailing and jewels on the ring. This is important because it gives a look at the type of materials the Meroe where available to and what they where used for.

Analyze Primary Source p.106 Dao De Jing, Passage 37 Laozi

This is a primary source of Dao Jing, Passage 37 Laozi and Laozi, Dao De Jing, Passage 37. This source states "The Dao never does anything, yet through it all things are done..."When there is no desire, all things are at peace." From this quote I can infer that Daoism is a focus on much more the physical accepts of life such as money, power, and success ,but would rather be content with the simple non-physical values of life that can cause eternal joy and growth. This is important because Daoism allowed for a more culturally accepting platform to rejoice and evolve in more ways of life than what can be perceived by the naked eye.

Visual Analysis p.91 Ramses II

This is a primary source of Ramses II. Three pharaoh looking figures are carved into the side of a hill made of stone or orange colored clay and a map on the top left corner that has Egypt, Saudi Arabi, and, Abu Simbel. I can infer that these figures where of much importance and where figures of the leaders/pharohs who had passes away in the general area. This is important because it shows the burial grounds of these leaders which provides evidence of development and evolution of the worship and the leadership in Egypt and how religion affected that. This connects to Mount Rushmore.

Visual Analysis p.100 Sculpted Figures bring gifts to Dariu, Persepolis (capital)

This is a primary source of Sculpted Figures bringing gifts to Dariu, Persepolis. This shows people holding gifts/objects walking back and forth to some sort of temple of presumably Darius. I can infer that there is order and structure in this society and Darius was a well known and highly respected emperor. This is important because he allowed for a mass shift In the perspectives on rule and order. It allowed for a free culturally diverse(religion, ideas, and culture in general) civilization.

Global Impact p.102 Royal Road

This is a primary source of The Royal Road. This shows two figures riding a chariot which is lead by 4 horses completely dubbed in gold. I can infer that the Royal Road was a route for Transportation, communication and trade. This is important because this allowed for a new technological advancement to find routes to places easier. It also allowed for more cultural diffusion because of trade and communication.

Analyze Primary Source p. 97 Assyrian Sculpture

This is a primary source of a Assyrian Sculpture. Ladders, weapons, Tactics, and Tunnels. I can infer that the Assyrian soldiers sculpted into the stone represented a time of war in Assyria at the time. This is important because this can help historians to understand the era in which this was taking place and how the Assyrians developed, weapons, armor, and even war tactics.

Analyze Visual p.107 Yin and Yang Symbol

This is a primary source of a Yin and Yang Symbol. This photo illustrates a white and black swirl in a circle formation with the opposite color on both of the swirls. I can infer that this traditional Yin and Yan symbol was a monument for the concept of cold and dark verses warm and light. This is important because it highlights the pivotal point in Chinese history of these two opposing forces being able to flow together in a synchronized form through the trials of life. It allowed the people of China t o understand how the are relevant of Earth.

Analyze Chart p.108 The Great Wall

This is a secondary source and primary source of The Great Wall of China. This image illustrates the Great Wall of China half finishes with people building and carrying materials to it. The photo illustrates the wall completely finished and surrounded by greenery. I can infer that the Chinese built this wall in order be protected for certain attacks and as a monument for China. This important because the Great wall of China is now a world known monument and is visited by many. This is reminiscent of the Border wall in between Mexico and the United States.

Analyze Map p. 96 Assyrian Empire, 650 B.C.

This is a secondary source of Assyrian Empire, 650 B.C. The evidence from the map shown includes civilization such as Anatolia, Asia, Syria, and others. I can infer that the different territories where ruled over by different emperors and many wars and disagreements had taken place which allowed for the many territories shown in the map. This is important because since the territories are in close proximity they must have had a lot of cultural diffusion and blending between the areas.( Some are also very close to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers which would allow for agriculture evolution between the different territories) and the Assyrians where very powerful.

Analyze Biographies p. 105 Confucius and Laozi

This is a secondary source of Confucius, 551-479 B.C. and Laozi, sixth century B.C. The biography of Confucius states "According tolegend, he set such a virtuous example that a purse lying in the middle of the street would be untouched for days...Confucius's ideas have molded Chinese thought for centuries." and the biography of Laozi states "Laozi thought that people could do little to influence the outcome of events. Daoism offered communion withnature as an alternative to political chaos." From these quotes I can infer that both Confucius and Laozi where very prominent influencers and had similar point of views on teaching skills of peace, freedom, empathy, and compassion above all else. Although Laozi believed that government should have little to no interference in the lives of Chinese citizens their point of views where very similar. This is important because their point of views molded the strict Chinese mindset into a more open enlightenment.

Visual Analysis p.92 Egyptian Influence on Nubian Culture.

This is a secondary source of Egyptian influence on Nubian Culture. temples, pyramids and lamb figure are shown. I can infer that Nubian architecture was informed by the Egyptians(cultural diffusion). This is important because it shows how cultures where influenced in Nubian art and agricultural.

Map Analysis p.101 Persian Empire, 500 B.C.

This is a secondary source of Persian Empire, 500 B.C. This map illustrates Persian Empire under Cyrus, 530 B.C., Persian Empire under Cambyses, 522 B.C., Persian Empire under Darius, 500 B.C., and Former Assyrian Empire The Royal Road. I can infer that Darius understood how to organize and rule a civilization by his use of different rules for different territories This is important because Darius allowed for the territories to grow and develop.

Analyze Chart p.106 Chinese Ethical Systems

This is a secondary source of the Chinese Ethical Systems. Which included Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism. I can infer that these three Chinese Ethical Systems where the foundation for order(social and natural), punishments, respect, and education. This is important because these where rules that where placed in order for the civilization to run orderly. This was the outline that was put in place and remained in as regulation for a long time.

Analyze Map p.93 Kush Empire , 700BC

This is a secondary source of the kush Empire in 700 BCE. This map illustrates where the Kush Empire, Egyptian Empire, and cataracts where located. I can infer that the Nile River allowed for Cultural diffusion as trading and communication would take place in that general area. This is important because having control of a strong trading area would allow for them to advance in technology and also cultural diffusion.

Analyze Visual p. 98 Artist's rendition of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

This visual is a primary source of an Artist's rendition of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. This piece illustrates an artist's rendition of the Hanging Garden of Babylon including slaves watering plants using pumps that where hidden which took water from the Euphrates river back the Garden. I can infer that the Hanging Garden was evidence of a civilization becoming more modern as they began more advanced technology. This is important because it represents a very influential piece in Egyptian history. I shows a massive evolution in agriculture and technology for this specific civilization.

Main Idea Chapter.4 Sec.2

When attacking their enemies the Assyrians a had multiple tactical plans in order to obtain land ,but all of them using brute force, aggression, and little to no mercy. They used their ruthlessness to their advantage as they began to cause the down fall of many civilizations. By using no empathy they where able to be feared by empires in many different territories They also used advanced technological planning to attack like weakening walls if their enemies territory to invade easier and more efficiently. As well as this information they had very strong durable armor. their armor was usually made of iron and copper and reinforced with thick leather meaning it would last long and hold well in hand-to-hand combat. They also had iron and copper weapons and chariots which allowed for easy traveling access. These factors all leady to the complete control the Assyrians had over other empires The contributions to government, administration, and culture the Assyrian made where multiple contributions such as an impressive library, a system of governors who reported to a central authority, and a specific system of government managing. The Assyrians concept of a library was surprisingly advanced as the library is one of the first libraries similar to a modern day library. They also developed a system of government in which a central authority is reported to by the central government which lead to a vital representation of administration. the people in the region rejoice when the Assyrian Empire was defeated because the cruel ways of the Assyrian Empire was finally diminished. The Assyrians where always a nonempathetic empire the believed in conquering empires with harsh actions. However, when the Empires that where the Assyrians empires worked together to defeat the Empire victory was rightfully claimed. The Assyrians boastful ways had come to an end. And the fear was shrunk greatly.

Meroë

a city on the Nile River that became the center of Kushite culture and industry

Hyksos

a group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.

Nubia

a region of Africa that straddled the upper Nile River

Kush

an ancient Nubian kingdom whose rulers controlled Egypt between 2000 and 1000 B.C.