Chapter 4: The Microscopic World Of Cells

Which one of the following groups is composed of prokaryotic cells?

Bacteria --Bacteria and Archaea are the oldest groups and are composed of prokaryotic cells.--

What is the smallest entity that exhibits all the characteristics of life?

Cells --Cells are the fundamental units of life.--

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells.

Central vacuoles; ribosomes --Central vacuoles are found only in plant cells. Ribosomes are found in both plant and animal cells.--

What are the three organelles that plant cells have but animal cells do not?

Chloroplast, Central Vacuole, Cell Wall

Which cellular organelle is required for photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Chloroplasts --Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll and enzymes and other molecules that function in the photosynthetic production of food.--

The term used to indicate the part of a eukaryotic cell where organelles are suspended in fluid is _____.

Cytoplasm --This is the fluid that fills the area between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.--

The structural framework in a cell is the

Cytoskeleton --The cytoskeleton is the structural framework in a cell ("cyto" refers to cell and "skeleton" refers to a structural framework).--

Which one of the following lists the steps involved in the production of new proteins in the appropriate order and correctly describes each step?

DNA transfers information to mRNA...mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm... ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins --This is known as the "Central Dogma" of genetics.--

Which of the following is stored in the lysosomes of the cell?

Digestive Enzymes --The lysosome is a sac of digestive enzymes.--

The ____________________ builds compounds, whereas the ________________ breaks things down.

Endoplasmic Reticulum; Lysosome

Which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell?

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?

Golgi Apparatus --The endomembrane system includes the ER, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. It manufactures, processes, and transports lipids and proteins. The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins.--

Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?

Lysosomes --Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down worn-out organelles.--

Where in a cell is ATP made?

Mitochondria --ATP is made in mitochondria.--

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?

Mitochondria --In both plant and animal cells, it's the mitochondria that convert chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell.--

Which of the following would be found in a eukaryotic animal cell?

Mitochondrion --Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic animal cells.--

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?

Nucleus --DNA is the genetic information of the cell, and it is stored in the nucleus.--

Identify the role it plays in the cell.

Nucleus: Stores the genetic information of the cell. Lysosome: Breaks down macromolecules using digestive enzymes. Mitochondrion: Converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell. Ribosome: Works with mRNA to synthesize proteins. Smooth ER: Site of Lipid synthesis.

Identify the function of each organelle in a cell.

Plant Cell Wall: Strong, protective structure made from cellulose fibrils Central Vacuole: Regulates cytoplasm compostions, creates internal pressure, and stores cell compounds. Chloroplast: Makes food by converting light energy into chemical energy. Mitochondrion: Converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins.

What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?

Plasma Membrane --The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell.--

What are the primary sites of protein production in a eukaryotic cell?

Ribosomes --Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.--

One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by

Ribosomes. --Ribosomes dock on the rough ER, and proteins are completed inside the rough ER.--

Movement of proteins through the endomembrane system and out of the cell.

Rough ER; manufacturing Vesicle from ER; transport Golgi Apparatus; process Vesicle from Golgi; transport Plasma Membrane; secretion

Which of the following is a human cell with a flagellum?

Sperm --Sperm are the only human cells that bear flagella.--

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole?

Storing compounds produced by the cell --One of the functions of the central vacuole is to store compounds produced by the cell.--

To enter or leave a cell, substances must pass through _____.

The Plasma Membrane --The plasma membrane defines the boundary of the cell.--

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy. --The chloroplast makes food for the plant cell by converting light energy to chemical energy.--

Which of these distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell?

The presence of a cell wall. --Only the plant cell has a cell wall.--

A certain cell has a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and a nucleoid region. Based on this information, it could be __________.

a bacterium --A nucleoid region is indicative of a prokaryote such as a bacterium.--

Plant cells have two energy-related organelles. ________________ harness light energy to create sugars and ________________ break down these sugars to create ATP.

chloroplasts; mitochondria

A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that __________.

eukaryotic cells have organelles; prokaryotic cells do not --Organelles are membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions.--

The plant cell wall

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils. --The cell wall is a structure that protects the plant cell and is made of cellulose fibrils.--

What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

mRNA --The "m" in mRNA stands for "messenger"; mRNA is the messenger that carries genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.--

Mitochondria, the sites of cellular respiration, are found in __________.

plant cells and animal cells --Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.--

Chloroplasts are found in __________.

plants cells --Chloroplasts are lens-shaped organelles found in leaves and other green organs of plants and photosynthetic protists.--

Animal cells are surrounded by a(n) ________________, whereas plant cells are also surrounded by a(n) ________________ .

plasma membrane; cell wall

Where are lipids made in the cell?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) --The smooth ER makes Lipids.--

Most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is in _____.

the Nucleus --The nucleus contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell.--

Membrane proteins are synthesized by ribosomes that are attached to _____.

the endoplasmic reticulum --Ribosomes bound to endoplasmic reticulum generally make proteins destined either for inclusion into membranes; for packaging within certain organelles, such as lysosomes; or for export from the cell.--

What is the advantage of the extensive infolding of the inner membrane of mitochondria?

to increase the surface area to maximize ATP production --These inner folds are where most ATP is produced.--