Chapter 4: The periodic table and bonding

When does a covalent bond happen, under what circumstances?

A covalent bond happens if the attractions are strong enough in both atoms and if each atom has room for an electron in its outer energy level.

A positive and negative ion attract each other and form what?

A positive and negative ion attract each other and form an ionic bond.

what is an element?

An element is a substance made up of only one type of atom.

What does an energy level represent?

An energy level represents the 3-dimensional space surrounding the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be.

As attractions between the atom's nucleus to the other valence electrons bring the atoms together, what happens?

As the attractions bring the atoms together, electrons from each atom are attracted to the nucleus of both atoms, which "share" the electrons.

What are atoms made of?

Atoms are made of extremely tiny particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.

What atoms are more stable than when they were separate atoms?

Atoms covalently bonded as a molecule are more stable than they were as separate atoms.

What do atoms in the same column (group) in the periodic table have?

Atoms in the same column (group) in the periodic table have the same number of valence electrons.

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called what? of that element

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called "isotopes" of that element.

Atoms will covalently bond until when?

Atoms will covalently bond until their outer energy level is full.

What can different atoms of the same element have?

Different atoms of the same element can have a different number of neutrons.

In a Lewis dot diagram, Double bonds are represented by what?

Double bonds are represented by two pairs of dots or two lines between atoms.

How many electrons can each energy level accommodate?

Each energy level can accommodate or "hold" a different number of electrons before additional electrons begin to go into the next level. The first energy level is closest to the nucleus. The second energy level is a little farther away than the first. The third is a little farther away than the second, and so on.

What has a negative charge?

Electrons have a negative charge.

Where are electrons?

Electrons surround the nucleus.

Lewis dot diagrams use what?

Lewis dot diagrams use dots arranged around the atomic symbol to represent the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom.

What charge do neutrons have?

Neutrons have no charge.

Where are protons and neutrons?

Protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, making up the nucleus.

What has a positive charge?

Protons have a positive charge.

Why are protons and electrons attracted to each other?

Since opposite charges attract, protons and electrons attract each other.

In a Lewis dot diagram, single bonds are represented by what?

Single bonds are represented by a pair of dots or one line between atoms.

The atom that gains an electron becomes what?

The atom that gains an electron becomes a negative ion.

The he atom that loses an electron becomes what?

The atom that loses an electron becomes a positive ion.

What is the atomic mass of an element?

The atomic mass of an element is the average mass of the different isotopes of the element.

What is the atomic number equal to?

The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus.

The atoms in the periodic table are arranged to show what?

The atoms in the periodic table are arranged to show characteristics and relationships between atoms and groups of atoms.

What does the attraction of each atom's nucleus to the valence electrons of the other atom do?

The attraction of each atom's nucleus for the valence electrons of the other atom pulls the atoms together.

The attractions between the protons and electrons of atoms can cause what?

The attractions between the protons and electrons of atoms can cause an electron to move completely from one atom to the other.

What size charge is larger, protons or electrons?

The charge on the proton and electron are exactly the same size but opposite.

What are the electrons in the energy level farthest from the nucleus called?

The electrons in the energy level farthest from the nucleus are called valence electrons.

What are the electrons on the outermost energy level of the atom called?

The electrons on the outermost energy level of the atom are called valence electrons.

What are energy levels?

The electrons surrounding an atom are located in regions around the nucleus called "energy levels".

The number of electrons surrounding the neucleus of an atom is equal what?

The number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus.

What is the periodic table?

The periodic table is a chart containing information about the atoms that make up all matter.

What is the "sharing of electrons between atoms" called?

The sharing of electrons between atoms is called a covalent bond, which holds the atoms together as a molecule.

What are the valence electrons involved in?

The valence electrons are involved in bonding one atom to another.

There are shorthand ways to represent how atoms form what two types of bonds?

There are shorthand ways to represent how atoms form covalent or ionic bonds.

In a Lewis dot diagram, triple bond are represented by what?

Triple bonds are represented by three pairs of dots or three lines between atoms.

When an atom loses or gains an electron, it is called what?

When an atom loses or gains an electron, it is called an ion.

What happens when the first energy level has 2 electrons?

When the first energy level has 2 electrons, the next electrons go into the second energy level until the second level has 8 electrons.

When the second energy level has 8 electrons, what happens?

When the second energy level has 8 electrons, the next electrons go into the third energy level until the third level has 8 electrons.

When the third energy level gets 8 electrons, where do the next go?

When the third energy level has 8 electrons, the next 2 electrons go into the fourth energy level.