Chapter 4 - The Properties of Water

Fresh water has its maximum density at what temperature?

4 degrees C

How many calories must be removed from 5g of pure water at 10 degrees C to convert the water to ice?

450 (10+80)*5

If a sound pulse is sent vertically downward into the sea and its reflected echo from the seafloor returns 6 seconds later, what is the depth of the water? (avg speed of sound in seawater is 1,500m/sec)

4500m (1500*(6/2))

Light and sound are affected how by seawater?

- refracted - scattered - absorbed - attenuated

Sea surface color observed by satellite instruments is affected by what?

- seawater scattering the light - seawater absorbing solar radiation - the fluorescence of dissolved compounds

Density changes in the oceans cause what?

- sound shadows - light refraction - the sofar channel

The maximum penetration of visible light in clear seawater is about how many meters?

1000

About how many calories are required to convert 2g of ice at 0 degrees C to water vapor at 50 degrees C?

1340 (80+50+540)*2

Which situations cause an ion to have a long residence time in the oceans?

a rapid rate of reaction with other substances

Seawater with a salt content of 35g/kg has a freezing point where in relation to its maximum density?

above its temperature of maximum density

The long red wavelengths of visible light are what?

absorbed in the first meter

Viscosity of ocean water increases primarily when?

as temperature decreases

The sofar channel is centered where sound velocity is what?

at its minimum

Which wavelengths of light penetrate deepest into the ocean?

blue

Heat is measured in what?

calories

Which substance has the greatest density? a) ice b) warm fresh water c) warm salt water d) cold salt water e) cold fresh water

cold salt water

Which method best transmits heat through water?

convection

Water heated from below distributes the added heat by _________, whereas the still surface of water heated from above distributes the added heat by _________.

convection diffusion and conduction

The polarity of water molecules is responsible for all of the following, EXCEPT: a) covalent bonding b) cohesion c) hydrogen bonding d) surface tension e) dissolving ability of water

covalent bonding

Which of the following does NOT happen to water when salt is added? a) density decreases b) boiling point increases c) freezing point decreases d) all of these

density decreases

If ocean water were incompressible, sea level would stand (greater than/less than/equal to) its present level?

greater than

Extreme variation in the ocean's temperature is prevented by the water's what?

heat capacity

The addition of salt to freshwater to form salt water does what to the density?

increases the density of the water

A Secchi disk is used to measure the attenuation of what?

light

The arrangement of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule causes the water molecule to be what?

polar

Covalent bonds link a water molecule's what?

positive charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged oxygen atom

Density of seawater increases as what happens?

salinity and pressure increase temperature decreases

Which processes cause surface seawater to increase in density?

sea ice formation and surface water evaporation

The process of changing ice directly to water vapor is known as what?

sublimation

Which phase change reaction requires the most energy?

vaporization

Which of the following materials has the highest specific heat? a) water b) air c) continental crust d) oceanic crust

water