Chapter 4: Tissue: The Living Fabric (Homework)

Select the correct statement regarding the cells of connective tissue.

"Blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

1) All arise from mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue), 2) They have varying degrees of vascularity 3) Cells are separated by nonliving extracellular matrix.

What are the four functions of Connective Tissue?

1) Binding and support 2) Protection 3) Insulation 4) Transportation of substances within body

What are the four classes of Connective Tissue?

1) Connective Tissue proper 2) Cartilage 3) Bone Tissue 4) Blood

What are the 3 covering and lining membrane types?

1) Cutaneous Membranes 2) Mucous Membranes 3) Serous Membranes

What are the four primary tissues that interweave to form the "fabric" of the body?

1) Epithelial (covering) 2) Connective (support) 3) Muscle (movement) 4) Nervous (control)

Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

1) Ground substance 2) Fibers (Collagen fibers, Elastic fibers, Reticular fibers) 3) Cells (Fibroblasts, Chondroblast, Chondrocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Hematopoietic stem cells, Fat Cells, White blood cells, Mast cells, Macrophages).

Ask two questions when classifying epithelium?

1) How many layers (simple or stratified)? 2) What shape (Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar)?

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

1) Hyaline Cartilage 2) Elastic Cartilage 3) Fibrocartilage

What are the steps of Tissue Repair?

1) Inflammation sets the stage (may lead to regeneration, fibrosis, or both) 2) Organization restores the blood supply 3)Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

Whar are Connective Tissue Proper's two subclasses?

1) Loose Connective Tissues (areolar, adipose, reticular) 2) Dense Connective Tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic).

The 5 Characteristics Of Epithelium Tissue

1) Polarity (apical & basal) 2) Specialized Contacts (Composed of closely packed cells) 3) Supported By Connective Tissue 4) Avascular (contains no blood vessels) but innervated (supplied by nerve fibers) 5) Regeneration (High regeneration capacity)

4 Types of Simple Epithelia Tissue

1) Simple Squamous 2) Simple Cuboidal 3) Simple Columnar 4) Pseudostratified Columnar

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth

4 Types of Stratified Epithelia Tissue

1) Stratified Squamous 2) Stratified Cuboidal 3) Stratified Columnar 4) Transitional Epithelium

Whether tissue repairs by regeneration or fibrosis depends on what?

1) The type of tissue damaged 2) The severity of the injury

The 3 Secretory Units of Multicellular Glands:

1) Tubular: Secretory cells form tubes, 2) Alveolar: Secretory cells form small, flasklike sacs. 3) tubuloalveolar: have both tubular and alveolar secretory units.

Two main types of epithelium (by location)

1) covering and lining epithelium (external and internal surfaces) 2) glandular epithelium (Secretory tissue in glands)

What are the three connective tissue fibers?

1. Collagen Fibers 2. Elastic Fibers 3. Reticular Fibers

What are the four types of tissues?

1. Connective 2. Epithelial 3. Muscular 4. Nervous

What are the four primary tissues of the body?

1. Connective Tissue 2. Epithelial Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue 4. Nervous Tissue

What are the two body fluid compartments?

1. Intracellular Fluid (ICF) 2. Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

All of the following statements refer to events of tissue repair. Put the events in proper numbered order according to the sequence of occurrence. The initial event, the injury, is already indicated as number one. 1.The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins. 2.Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete. 3.Granulation tissue is formed. 4.Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow. 5.The scar retracts. 6.Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris. 7.Fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break.

1.The skin receives a cut that penetrates into the dermis and bleeding begins 4.Blood clotting occurs and stops the blood flow. 3.Granulation tissue is formed. 7.Fibroblasts elaborate connective tissue fibers to span the break. 6.Macrophages engulf and clean away cellular debris. 5.The scar retracts 2.Epithelial regeneration is nearly complete.

How many basic types of muscle tissue are there?

3 Skeletal, cardiac and smooth tissue.

How many primary tissue types ar found the the human body?

4 Epithelium, connective, nervous and muscle tissue.

What are the basic functions of Epithelial Tissue?

6 General Functions 1. Secretion 2. Filtration 3. Absorption 4. Excretion 5. Protection 6. Sensory Receptor

Granulation Tissue

A delicate pink tissue composed of several elements. It contains capillaries that grow in from nearby areas and lay down a new capillary bed.

Glandular Epithelium

A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid. Classified by site of product release (endocrine or exocrine), and number of cells (unicellular or multicellular).

Epithelial Tissue

A sheet of cells that covers the body surface or lines a body cavity.

This type of epithelial tissue lines the interior of blood vessels.

A simple squamous epithelial tissue lines the interior of blood vessels.

Which of the following is not found in the matrix of cartilage but is in bone?

A) live cells B)lacunae C)blood vessels D) organic fibers BLOOD VESSELS ARE NOT

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; cillated type propels mucus by cillary action.

All epithelial cells have ____ sides and an apical surface, view of epithelial sheet looks like a honeycomb.

All Epithelial cells have 6 sides and an apical surface

What do Tight Juntions of the skin do for the skin?

Allowing for impermeability of certain substances

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in areas where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae.

What is the top surface of the skin called?

Apical Surface

________ tissue forms the framework for the lamina propria of mucous membranes

Areolar or loose connective

What is the bottom surface of the skin called?

Basal Surface

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Because the cell nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane, the tissue gives false (pseudo) impression that several layers are present; hence "pseudostratified."

Which tissues have virtually no functional regenerative capacity?

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord (routinely replaced by scar tissue).

What are intercalated discs?

Cells Of cardiac muscle fit together to form these structural modifications that allow the cardiac muscle to act as a unit.

________ live in the lacuna of cartilage

Chondrocytes

Which of the following apical epithelial cell structures functions in the movement of materials across the surface of the cell?

Cilia

Which of the following statements is true of connective tissue?

Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength

Mesenchyme

Common embryonic tissue from which all connective tissue arise.

Multicellular Exocrine Glands

Composed of a duct and a secretory unit. Classified according to duct type (simple or compound) and structure of their secretory units (tubular, alveolar, tubuloalvelolar)

Stratified Epithelium

Consist of 2 or more cell layers stacked one on top of the other. They regenerate from below when the basal cells divide and push apically to replace older cells. Stratified E. are considered more durable than Simple E., and protection is their major role (but not their only role).

Simple Epithelium

Consist of single cell layer. They are most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration.

Covering and lining epithelium

Covering and lining epithelium forms the outer layer of the skin (epidermis), dips into and lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems, and covers the walls of organs of the closed ventral body cavity.

Where is epithelial tissue found?

Covering and lining epithelium forms the outer layer of the skin (epidermis), dips into and lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems, and covers the walls of organs of the closed ventral body cavity. Glandular epithelium fashions the glands of the body.

Consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Cutaneous membrane

What type of tissue forms tendons?

Dense regular connective tissue

When you have a sun burn and your skin is pealing in sheets, what are these sheets of cells creating Epithelial Tissue called?

Desmosomes

Areolar Connective Tissue (type of loose C.T. proper)

Distributed under epithelia of body. Functions include: 1) supporting and binding other tissues 2) holding body fluids 3) defending against infection (white blood cells & macrophages) 4) storing nutrients as fat (in fat cells)

Organization

During this the blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue.

Structural support of the external ear and other structures that need support with flexibility

Elastic cartilage

Lines blood vessels and the heart

Endothelium

Which of the following is true about epithelia?

Endothelium provides a slick surface lining all hollow cardiovascular organs

The basement membrane is located between which of the tissue types?

Epithelial and connective

Embryonic ectoderm develops into which of the following major tissue types?

Epithelial tissue and nervous tissue

Which tissues regenerate extremely well?

Epithelial tissue, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood-forming tissue

Endocrine Glands (epithelium)

Eventually lose their ducts so their often called "ductless glands." They produce hormones, regulatory chemicals that they secrete by exocytosis directly into the extracellular space. From there the hormones enter the blood or lymphatic fluid and travel to specific target organs.

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

Examples include Mucous cells and goblet cells. These glands produce mucin (glycoprotein that once dissolved in water produces mucus, a slimy coating that protects and lubricates surfaces. In Goblet cells, the cuplike accumulations of mucin distends at top of cell, making cells look like "goblets."

Glands that release their products onto surfaces by way of ducts, rather than directly into surrounding interstitial fluid and eventually the bloodstream, are called _________________ glands.

Exocrine Glands

Achilles was wounded by damage to the tendon connecting his calf muscles to his heel. This and all tendons are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue

False

All muscle tissue is under our voluntary control. True / False

False

Connective tissues that possess a large quantity of collagen fibers often provide the framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes

False

Endothelium covers and lines internal cavities such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities

False

Epithelia tissues are innervated and usually vascularized. True / False

False

Merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally and then rupturing the cell

False

Salivary glands exhibit simple tubuloalveolar glandular arrangement

False

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is moderately rare in the body and found only in the pharynx, larynx, and anorectal junction

False

The serous membranes are composed of a superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium and a deep layer of areolar connective tissue. True / False

False A serous membrane, which lines the ventral body cavity walls and viscera, consists of a simple squamous epithelium lying on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.

Endocrine glands secrete their products on body surfaces or into body cavities. True / False

False Endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream rather than on an epithelial surface.

Most of the body's glands are formed by connective tissues. True / False

False Epithelial tissue forms most of the body's glands.

Epithelial tissue is highly vascularized. True / False

False Epithelium is avascular (lacking blood vessels) and receives nutrients from capillaries in underlying connective tissues.

Fibrosis involves replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue. True / False

False Fibrosis involves proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue.

Inflammation is a pathological condition with no benefit to the body after an injury. True / False

False Inflammation acts to rid the body of the harmful agent, prevent further injury, and restore the tissue to a healthy condition.

Inflammation destroys specific infectious microorganisms and foreign molecules at the site of infection and throughout the body. True / False

False Inflammation is a nonspecific, local response that limits damage to the injury site while the immune response destroys particular infectious microorganisms and foreign molecules at the site of infection and throughout the body.

Microvilli are finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells that function in the movement of materials across the surface of a cell. True / False

False Microvilli maximize the surface area across which small molecules enter or leave cells and are NOT involved in the movement of materials across the surface of a cell.

Mucosa lines the closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. True / False

False Mucosa lines the inside of hollow internal organs that open to the outside of the body. Mesothelium lines closed cavities .

Regeneration involves proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue. True / False

False Regeneration is the replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue.

During the process of Tissue Repair, what process produces scar tissue

Fibrosis

1) Hyaline Cartilage

Forms most of embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities, forms costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx. Functions to support and reinforce; has resilent cushioning properties; resists compressive stress.

2) Elastic Cartilage

Forms the "skeletons" of the external ear and epiglottis. Function: It maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility.

4) Location of Transitional Epithelium

Forms the lining of hollow urinary organs (ureters, urinary bladder, part of the urethra) which stretch as they fill with urine.

3) Fibrocartilage

Found in Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, disks of knee joint. Function: Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.

Cl

Found in bones. Functions: Bone supports and protects; provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (type of dense C.T. proper)

Found in fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis of the skin, and submucosa of digestive tract. Functions to withstand tension exerted in many directions, and provides structural strength.

Reticular Connective Tissue (type of loose C.T. proper)

Found in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). The fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue (type of dense C.T. proper)

Found in tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses. Functions include: 1) Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles 2) Attaches bones to bones 3) withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.

Elastic Connective Tissue (type of dense C.T. proper)

Found in the walls of large arteries; with certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes. Functions: 1) Allows recoil of tissue following stretching 2) Maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries 3) aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration.

Adipose Connective Tissue (type of loose C.T. proper)

Found under the skin, around kidneys & eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts. Functions Include: 1) to provide reserve food fuel 2) Insulate against heat loss 3) supports and protects organs.

Blood (In relation to Connective Tissue)

Found within blood vessels. Classified as connective tissue because it develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells, surrounded plasma. Functions: Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.

Which of the following would be of most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelium?

Golgi bodies

Tissues

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function.

Protein + Carbohydrates =

Gylcoprotein

Multicellular Exocrine Glands: Compound Glands

Have branched duct.

Multicellular Exocrine Glands: Simple Glands

Have unbranched duct.

Muscle Tissue

Highly cellular, well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement.

The study of tissues is called _________, which allows for a platform and structural basis for understanding organ physiology.

Histology

Whare are examples of Mucous Membranes?

Hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts bathed by secretions or, in the case of urinary mucosa, urine.

Which of the following exocrine glands stores its secretion until the gland ruptures?

Holocrine Glands

Because humans are multicellular, cells are specialized to complete functions and maintain a stable internal condition. This is referring to what?

Homeostasis

Forms much of the fetal skeleton and covers the articular surfaces of long bones.

Hyaline cartilage

What develops more slowly than the inflammatory response?

Immune Response

Select the correct statement regarding tissue repair.

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable

Fibrosis

Involves replacing destroyed tissue with "scar tissue"

Blood is considered a connective tissue because:

It arises from mesenchymal tissue

Where is brown fat found?

It is found in young infants

How is the Cutaneous Membrane different from other epithelial membranes?

Its exposed to the air and is a dry membrane.

Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue

Its primary function is nutrient storage.

1) Location of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Keratinized (keratin: tough protective protein) region is found in the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). Nonkeratinized region forms moist linings esophagus, mouth, and vagina.

1) Location of Simple Squamous Epithelium

Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity

2) Location of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

3) Location of Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Limited distribution in the body but small amounts are found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts. It is also occurs at transition areas or junctions between two other types of epithelia.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Limited throughout body like Stratified Cuboidal. Functions in small amounts in pharynx, male urethra, lining of some glandular ducts, and also in transition areas.

Serous Membrane

Line body cavities closed to the exterior. Consists of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of loose connective tissue.

Mucous Membrane

Line body cavities that open to the exterior, such as those of the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. Ex. Mucosa of nasal cavity, Mucosa of mouth, etc.

Nervous Tissue

Main component of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves). Nervous tissue is composed of 2 different cells: 1) Neurons (Specialized cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses) 2) Supporting Cells: Nonconductive cells that support, insulate, and protect the neurons.

The 2 Modes of Secretion For Multicellular Glands

Merocrine Glands: Products are secreted by exocytosis (ex. pancreas, sweat and salivary glands). Holocine: Products are secreted by rupture of gland cells (ex. sebacious glands).

Which of the following is true about the mode of secretion of exocrine glands?

Merocrine glands are not altered by the secretory process

Embryonic connective tissue that arises from mesoderm and produces all types of connective tissues

Mesenchyme

Source of new cells in mature connective tissue

Mesenchyme

Connective tissue arises from which of the following embryonic tissue?

Mesoderm

What does Anabolism and Catabolism regulate?

Metabolism

Most apical surfaces have what?

Microvilli: fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that increase the exposed surface area. Some epithelia, such as the lining of the trachea, also have motile cilia (tiny hairliike projections) that propel substances along their free surface.

Connective Tissue

Most abundant and widely distributed tissue type. Found everywhere in the body.

How are Endocrine Glands stucturally diverse?

Most endocrine glands are compact multicellular organs, but some individual hormone producing cells are scattered in the digestive tract mucosa and in the brain. Their secretions are varied, ranging from modified amino acids to peptides, glycoproteins, and steroids.

Found lining the digestive and respiratory tracts

Mucous membrane

The epithelial membrane that lines body cavities open to the exterior

Mucous membrane

Basal Lamina

Noncellular, adhesive sheet consists largely of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells plus some fine collagen fibers. The basal lamina acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying conective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium.

4) Location of Pseudostratified Epithelium

Noncillated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands, cillated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

3) Location of Simple Columnar Epithelium

Noncillated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, excretory ducts of some glands, cillated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

What is the first phase of tissue repair called?

Organization

A type of connective tissue that provides primary support and protection for body structures is:

Osseous Tissue

One of the first events of embryonic development is the formation of 3 of these?

Primary Germ Layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

Apoptosis

Programmed Cell Death

________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.

Pseudostratified columnar

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Quite Rare in body. Functions in some sweat and mammary glands, typically two cell layers thick.

2) Location of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Quite rare in body. Usually consists of two layers of cuboidal cells and is mostly found in the ducts of some of the larger glands (sweat glands, mammary glands).

Epithelium Tissues have Polarity

Refers to apical (uppper, free) and basal (lower, attached) surfaces.

Basal Surface

Refers to epithelial tissues lower attached surface.

Apical Surface

Refers to epithelial tissues upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ.

Whare are the two major ways tissue repair?

Regeneration and by fibrosis.

Hormones

Regulatory chemicals that endocrine glands secrete by exocytosis directly into the extracellular space. From there the hormones enter the blood or lymphatic fluid and travel to specific target organs. Each hormone prompts its target organ to respond in some characteristic way.

Regeneration

Replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue.

Tissue repair requires what of cells?

Requires that the cells divide and migrate, activities that are initiated by growth factors (wound hormones) released by injured cells.

Forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen.

Reticular tissue

What can severe (destructive) infections lead to?

Scarring

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Secretion and absorption.

What is an example of filtration of the Epithelial Tissues?

Selective Permeability

What are some examples of sensory receptors in Epithelial Tissues?

Sensory Receptors sense pressure, temperature, pain, etc.

Whare are examples of Serous Membranes?

Serosa lining the thoracic wall and covering the lungs: Pleura; that enclosing the heart: Pericardium; those of the abdominopelvic cavity and viscera: the Peritoneums.

The epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body.

Serous membrane

1) Inflammation Sets the Stage (1 of 3 steps in Tissue Repair)

Severed blood vessels bleed and inflammatory chemicals are released. Local blood vessels become more permeable, allowing white blood cells, fluid, clotting proteins and other plasma proteins to seep into injured area. Clotting occurs, surface dries and forms scab.

Which of the tissues lines the majority of the digestive tract?

Simple Columnar

Mucous that protects your stomach lining is secreted by a specialized type of:

Simple Columnar Epithelial Cell (Goblet Cell)

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is best adapted for the rapid transport of materials across its membranes?

Simple squamous epithelial tissue, composed of a single layer of flattened cells, occurs wherever small molecules must pass through a membrane quickly.

________ muscle cells are multinucleated.

Skeletal

Which type of muscle is considered voluntary muscle?

Skeletal muscle is considered voluntary. Cardiac and smooth muscle are involuntary.

What is "the" example of Cutaneous Membrane?

Skin (epidermis)

What tissues have moderate regeneration ability?

Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue.

2) Cardiac Muscle

Specialized muscle of the heart.

3) Smooth Muscle

Spindle-shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus and no externally visible striations (bands). Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs

Stratified Epithelia are common in high abrasion areas when protection is important. Name the two common places on the body where you can find Stratified Epithelia:

Stratified Epithelia is commonly found on the skin surface and the lining of the mouth

Stratified Epithelia is composed of ______ or more cell layers stacked one on top of the other.

Stratified Epithelia is composed of :Two or more cell layers

Which of the following types of epithelial tissue provides the greatest amount of protection?

Stratified Squamous

Select the correct statement regarding epithelia.

Stratified epithelia are present where protection from abrasion is important

Stratified Transitional Epithelium

Stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urine. Depending on organ stretch the T.E. has a variety of squamous and cuboidal layers.

Neuroglia

Supporting cells of nervous tissue

What is an example of a Secretion in the Epithelial Tissues?

Sweat

What develops quickly when tissues are injured?

The Inflammatory Response.

Histology

The Study of Tissues.

What is ATP?

The Universal Energy Currency for cells

What is Homeostasis?

The ability to maintain a relatively stabile internal condition.

Select the correct statement regarding factors that affect the tissue repair process.

The age of the person is a factor in the repair process

When the body has an overload of glucose what does the body convert it to? and where is it stored?

The body converts it to Gylcogen and stores it in the Liver

Describe muscle tissue cells:

The cells are long, cyndrical, and multinucleated.

2) Organization restores blood supple (2 of 3 steps in Tissue Repair)

The clot is replaced by granulation tissue, which restores the vascular supply. Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers that bridge the gap. Macrophages phagocytize cell debris. Surface epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the granulation tissue.

3) Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair (3 of 3 steps in Tissue Repair)

The fibrosed area matures and contracts; the epithelium thickens. A fully regenerated epithelium with an underlying area of scar tissue results.

The ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm specialize to form what?

The four primary tissues: epithelium, nervous tissue, muscle, and connective tissues that make up all body organs.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

The most widespread of stratified epithelia. Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.

What is the basic functional unit of bone tissue?

The osteon.

Select the correct statement regarding multicellular exocrine glands

The secretory cells of holocrine glands release their product by rupturing

Nucleus of Epithelium Tissue Cells

The shape conforms to that of the cell. Squamous cell nucleus is a flattened disk, cuboidal cell nucleus is spherical, and columnar cell nucleus is elongated from top to bottom.

Cutaneous Membrane

The skin. It is an organ system consisting of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue (dermis).

Mast Cell

This type of cell releases histamine, which makes capillaries more permeable during inflammatory reactions and allergies and thus is responsible for "runny nose" of some allergies.

How does the skin receive nutrients since there are no blood vessels in the epithelial tissue?

Through Diffusion of molecules moving up through the Connective Tissue to the Epithelial Tissue

1) Skeletal Muscle

Tissue sheets that are attached to the bones of the skeleton. These muscles form the flesh of the body, and as they contract, they pull on bones or skin, causing body movements. .

Groups of cells that are similar in function and structure are called _________.

Tissues (tissu= woven)

What are the characteristics of Epithelial Tissues in Polarity? (Hint: Three surfaces)

Top: Apical Surface - Microvilli, Cilia, or Flagella (the only Flagella that exists in humans is Sperm) Middle: Basal Surface Bottom: Basil Lamina

All connective tissues arise from a common embryonic tissue. True / False

True

Blood is a type of connective tissue. True / False

True

Blood is considered a type of connective tissue

True

Brown fat is frequently deposited between the shoulder blades of infants

True

Connective Tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body. True or False?

True

Depending on the functional state of the bladder, transitional epithelium may resemble stratified squamous or stratified cuboidal epithelium

True

Edocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes True / False

True

Goblet cells are found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

True

Macrophages are found in areolar and lymphatic tissues

True

Polarity is a property of all normal epithelial tissues. True / False

True

Simple cuboidal epithelia are usually associated with secretion and absorption

True

The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed of fibrocartilage

True

Adhesions are areas where new scar tissue grows and connects adjacent organs after surgery. True / False

True Adhesions often cause problems after surgery by preventing normal functioning of internal organs.

An epithelium is found on a body surface or lining a body cavity. True / False

True An epithelium is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.

With increasing age, epithelia become thinner and more easily damaged. True / False

True As we age, metabolism and tissue regeneration slows.

The basic functional unit of bone tissue is the osteon. True / False

True Bone is made of many osteons.

Brown adipose tissue occurs only in babies and functions in producing heat to warm the infant. True / False

True Brown adipose tissue, found only in babies, contains many lipid droplets and numerous mitochondria that use lipid fuel to heat the bloodstream and warm the infant.

The event that sets the stage for tissue repair is inflammation. True / False

True Inflammation is the first reaction to trauma that allows later events of repair to occur.

Epithelial tissue secretes the basal lamina region of the basement membrane. True / False

True The basal lamina region of the basement membrane is a thin, non-cellular sheet, consisting of proteins secreted by epithelial tissue cells.

As we age the amount of collagen in the body declines, making tissue repair less efficient. True / False

True The body produces less collagen as we age, adversely affecting tissue repair.

Exocrine Glands

Very numerous and diverse glands that secrete all their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities. They are unicellular and multicellular and include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands, the liver (secretes bile), the pancreas (synthesizes digestive enzymes), and many others.

Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?

Yes, cardiac cells, like skeletal cells, have visible striations but are not under voluntary control.

Which of the following exocrine glands stores its secretion until the gland ruptures? a) A holocrine gland b) An apocrine gland c) An endocrine gland d) A merocrine gland

a) A holocrine gland A holocrine gland stores its secretion until the gland ruptures.

You observe a muscle that has intercalated discs, and contracts under involuntary conditions. What type of muscle must this be? a) Cardiac muscle b) Skeletal muscle c) Smooth muscle d) Uterine muscle

a) Cardiac muscle

Chondrocyte a) Cartilage-producing cell b) Bone-producing cell c) Liquid portion of blood d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue e) Type of fibroblast

a) Cartilage-producing cell

Neuron a) Conducts signals b) Non-conducting cells

a) Conducts signals

Nervous tissue a) Ectoderm b) Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm c) Mesoderm

a) Ectoderm

The basement membrane is located between which of the following tissue types? a) Epithelial and connective b) Connective and muscle c) Muscle and nervous d) Nervous and connective e) Epithelial and muscle

a) Epithelial and connective Epithelial tissue secretes the superficial basal lamina region of the basement membrane, whereas connective tissue produces the deeper reticular layer of the basement membrane.

Simple squamous a) Filtration b) Stretching c) Secretion and absorption d) Protection from wear and tear

a) Filtration Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia. Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sties where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessals, and lymphatic vessals; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae).

Hyaline cartilage a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones b) Skeletal system c) Located within the cardiovascular system d) Primary tissue of the dermis e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones

Dense regular connective tissue a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs d) Supports external ear, epiglottis e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses

Blood a) Most atypical connective tissue; extracellular fibers are soluble protein molecules found in liquid plasma; abundant extracellular matrix b) Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic) c) Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells d) Stands up to both tension and compression; tough and flexible, providing resilient rigidity

a) Most atypical connective tissue; extracellular fibers are soluble protein molecules found in liquid plasma; abundant extracellular matrix

Smooth muscle tissue a) No striations; spindle-shaped cells; uninucleated cells b) Striated; branching cells; intercalated discs; generally uninucleated cells c) Striated; multinucleated cells; long, large, cylinder-shaped cells

a) No striations; spindle-shaped cells; uninucleated cells

Macrophages a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter b) Secrete histamine c) Store fat molecules d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers e) Produce antibodies

a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter

Nervous a) Primary cell-type branches and possesses multiple cell processes extending from the nucleus-containing cell body; possesses two types of cells: neurons and supportive cells called glia b) Avascular; associated with a basement membrane; apical and basal surfaces; great powers of regeneration; sparse extracellular matrix, innervated c) Highly vascular; elongated cells; possess actin and myosin filaments; can possess striations d) Large amount of extracellular matrix; originates from mesenchyme; possesses fibers

a) Primary cell-type branches and possesses multiple cell processes extending from the nucleus-containing cell body; possesses two types of cells: neurons and supportive cells called glia

Fibroblast a) Produces materials in connective tissue proper b) Produces extracellular matrix of bone c) Produces blood cells d) Produces extracellular matrix of cartilage

a) Produces materials in connective tissue proper

Mucous a) Provides secretions that lubricate and protect areas that open to the outside of the body b) Provides secretions for lubrication of organs enclosed within the body cavities c) Provides protection for outer surface of body

a) Provides secretions that lubricate and protect areas that open to the outside of the body

Cardiac muscle a) Pumps a liquid connective tissue through vessels b) Allows voluntary movement to occur by changing position of bones c) Allows hollow organs to contract and propel materials through them (digestive organs, reproductive organs, etc.)

a) Pumps a liquid connective tissue through vessels

Sebaceous glands a) Simple branched alveolar b) Compound tubuloalveolar c) Simple tubular d) Compound alveolar

a) Simple branched alveolar

Pseudostratified columnar a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia

Attached to bones a) Skeletal muscle tissue b) Smooth muscle tissue c) Cardiac muscle tissue

a) Skeletal muscle tissue

Connective tissue a) Support b) Regulation/control c) Covering/lining d) Movement

a) Support

Elastic fibers a) These long, thin, branching fibers form wide networks within the extracellular matrix and possess the ability to stretch and then return to their original length b) These short branching fibers cluster into delicate networks and have the ability to glide freely across one another whenever the network is pulled, allowing give c) The strongest and most abundant fibers, they allow connective tissues to resist tension

a) These long, thin, branching fibers form wide networks within the extracellular matrix and possess the ability to stretch and then return to their original length

Polarity a) Tissue with a free apical surface b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division d) Desmosomes; tight junctions e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

a) Tissue with a free apical surface

Which of the following is a role of connective tissue? a) Transportation of bodily substances b) Hormone production c) Sensory detection d) Energy production

a) Transportation of bodily substances

Epithelial tissue, bone, loose connective tissue, and blood a) Very good at regenerating b) No useful regeneration c) Moderate regenerating capacity d) Poor regenerating capacity

a) Very good at regenerating

Simple squamous a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels b) Skin c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules d) Lines the urinary bladder e) Upper respiratory tract

a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels

Microvilli are found on the ________ of the cell. a) apical surface b) basal surface c) lateral surface d) medial surface

a) apical surface Microvilli are present on the free surface of the cell, which is its the apical.

Osteoblasts a) Bone formation b) Formation of cartilage c) Formation of fibers d) Blood cell formation e) Body's defense system

a) bone formation

Of the Two major cell populations in nervous tissue, ___ are highly specialized to receive stimuli and conduct waves of excitation to all parts of the body. a) neurons b) neuroglial cells

a) neurons

Simple Epithelia is typically found where ________ and ________ occur because of the thin structure.

absorption and filtration

A/an _____________ is a small sac of gland cells arranged around a space into which they secrete their product.

acinus

A flat sheath-like tendon that connects muscle to bone is known as:

an aponeurosis.

Skeletal muscle a) Pumps a liquid connective tissue through vessels b) Allows voluntary movement to occur by changing position of bones c) Allows hollow organs to contract and propel materials through them (digestive organs, reproductive organs, etc.)

b) Allows voluntary movement to occur by changing position of bones

Epithelium a) Primary cell-type branches and possesses multiple cell processes extending from the nucleus-containing cell body; possesses two types of cells: neurons and supportive cells called glia b) Avascular; associated with a basement membrane; apical and basal surfaces; great powers of regeneration; sparse extracellular matrix, innervated c) Highly vascular; elongated cells; possess actin and myosin filaments; can possess striations d) Large amount of extracellular matrix; originates from mesenchyme; possesses fibers

b) Avascular; associated with a basement membrane; apical and basal surfaces; great powers of regeneration; sparse extracellular matrix, innervated

Reticular connective tissue a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs d) Supports external ear, epiglottis e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes

Osteoblast a) Cartilage-producing cell b) Bone-producing cell c) Liquid portion of blood d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue e) Type of fibroblast

b) Bone-producing cell

Salivary glands a) Simple branched alveolar b) Compound tubuloalveolar c) Simple tubular d) Compound alveolar

b) Compound tubuloalveolar

Epethelial tissue a) Ectoderm b) Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm c) Mesoderm

b) Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm

This type of epithelial tissue lines the interior of blood vessels. a) Mesothelium b) Endothelium c) Simple cuboidal d) Stratified squamous e) Transitional

b) Endothelium A simple squamous epithelial tissue lines the interior of blood vessels.

Chondroblasts a) Bone formation b) Formation of cartilage c) Formation of fibers d) Blood cell formation e) Body's defense system

b) Formation of cartilage

Where is brown fat found? a) It is found in teenage females. b) It is found in young infants. c) It is found in any child under the age of six. d) It is found in elderly females.

b) It is found in young infants. Brown fat is found in young infants, who lack the ability to produce body heat by shivering.

Mucous membrane (mucosa) a) Lines the ventral body cavity walls and covers the ventral body cavity viscera b) Lines the inside of hollow organs that open to the body's exterior c) Covers the outer surface of the body

b) Lines the inside of hollow organs that open to the body's exterior

Serous membrane (serosae) a) Lines the ventral body cavity walls and covers the ventral body cavity viscera b) Lines the inside of hollow organs that open to the body's exterior c) Covers the outer surface of the body

b) Lines the inside of hollow organs that open to the body's exterior

Connective tissue proper a) Most atypical connective tissue; extracellular fibers are soluble protein molecules found in liquid plasma; abundant extracellular matrix b) Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic) c) Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells d) Stands up to both tension and compression; tough and flexible, providing resilient rigidity

b) Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic)

Connective tissue arises from which of the following embryonic tissue? a) Ectoderm b) Mesoderm c) Endoderm d) Epiderm

b) Mesoderm Mesoderm gives rise to connective tissue.

Which of the following is NOT a function of areolar connective tissue? a) Storing nutrients as fat b) Movement of body parts c) Support and binding of other tissues d) Holding body fluids e) Defending the body against infection

b) Movement of body parts While areolar connective tissue holds body fluids, stores nutrients, supports and binds other tissues, and defends the body against infection, movement of body parts is a task performed by the three different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Which of the following tissue types controls most other tissues? a) Muscle tissue b) Nervous tissue c) Blood d) Cartilage e) Epithelial tissue

b) Nervous tissue Nervous tissue sends electrical signals to control the body.

Avascular but not innervated a) Tissue with a free apical surface b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division d) Desmosomes; tight junctions e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings

Nervous tissue and cardiac muscle a) Very good at regenerating b) No useful regeneration c) Moderate regenerating capacity d) Poor regenerating capacity

b) No useful regeneration

Supporting neuroglial cells a) Conducts signals b) Non-conducting cells

b) Non-conducting cells

Osteoblast a) Produces materials in connective tissue proper b) Produces extracellular matrix of bone c) Produces blood cells d) Produces extracellular matrix of cartilage

b) Produces extracellular matrix of bone

Serous a) Provides secretions that lubricate and protect areas that open to the outside of the body b) Provides secretions for lubrication of organs enclosed within the body cavities c) Provides protection for outer surface of body

b) Provides secretions for lubrication of organs enclosed within the body cavities

Nervous tissue a) Support b) Regulation/control c) Covering/lining d) Movement

b) Regulation/control

Mast cells a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter b) Secrete histamine c) Store fat molecules d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers e) Produce antibodies

b) Secrete histamine

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is best adapted for the rapid transport of materials across its membranes? a) Stratified squamous b) Simple squamous c) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar d) Stratified cuboidal e) Transitional

b) Simple squamous Simple squamous epithelial tissue, composed of a single layer of flattened cells, occurs wherever small molecules must pass through a membrane quickly.

Simple Squamous a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells

Bone a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones b) Skeletal system c) Located within the cardiovascular system d) Primary tissue of the dermis e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

b) Skeletal system

Keratinized stratified squamous a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels b) Skin c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules d) Lines the urinary bladder e) Upper respiratory tract

b) Skin

Walls of hollow organs a) Skeletal muscle tissue b) Smooth muscle tissue c) Cardiac muscle tissue

b) Smooth muscle tissue

Transitional a) Filtration b) Stretching c) Secretion and absorption d) Protection from wear and tear

b) Stretching Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike, depending on degree of organ stretch. Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine. Lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra.

Cardiac muscle tissue a) No striations; spindle-shaped cells; uninucleated cells b) Striated; branching cells; intercalated discs; generally uninucleated cells c) Striated; multinucleated cells; long, large, cylinder-shaped cells

b) Striated; branching cells; intercalated discs; generally uninucleated cells

Reticular fibers a) These long, thin, branching fibers form wide networks within the extracellular matrix and possess the ability to stretch and then return to their original length b) These short branching fibers cluster into delicate networks and have the ability to glide freely across one another whenever the network is pulled, allowing give c) The strongest and most abundant fibers, they allow connective tissues to resist tension

b) These short branching fibers cluster into delicate networks and have the ability to glide freely across one another whenever the network is pulled, allowing give

Which of the following indicates the proper sequence of tissue repair? a) Organization, fibrosis and regeneration, scab formation, blood clotting, tissue damage b) Tissue damage, blood clotting, scab formation, organization, fibrosis, regeneration c) Fibrosis and regeneration, blood clotting, scab formation, tissue damage, organization d) Tissue damage, organization, fibrosis and regeneration, blood clotting, scab formation e) Blood clotting, tissue damage, scab formation, fibrosis and regeneration, organization

b) Tissue damage, blood clotting, scab formation, organization, fibrosis, regeneration After tissue damage, a blood clot forms, which dries and forms a scab that will be replaced, via the process of organization, with granulation tissue, which, in turn, gives rise to regenerated tissue and fibrous scar tissue through the processes of regeneration and fibrosis.

A flat sheath-like tendon that connects muscle to bone is known as: a) a ligament. b) an aponeurosis. c) a tendon. d) elastic connective tissue.

b) an aponeurosis. A tendon is a cord of connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.

The first step in tissue repair is: a) fever. b) inflammation. c) organization. d) regeneration.

b) inflammation.

The stroma of most solid organs is composed of: a) areolar connective tissue. b) reticular connective tissue. c) dense connective tissue. d) fibrocartilage.

b) reticular connective tissue. Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs.

This type of epithelium lines the digestive tract from stomach to anus. a) simple cuboidal b) simple columnar c) stratified squamous d) transitional

b) simple columnar

Mucous that protects your stomach lining is secreted by a specialized type of: a) transitional epithelial cell. b) simple columnar epithelial cell. c) stratified squamous epithelial cell. d) simple squamous epithelial cell. e) pseudostratified columnar epithelial cell. f) simple cuboidal epithelial cell.

b) simple columnar epithelial cell. Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelial cells.

The presence of keratin provides a tough protective characteristic to: a) transitional epithelium. b) stratified sqamous epithelium. c) stratified cuboidal epithelia. d) adipose tissue.

b) stratified sqamous epithelium. The stratified sqamous epithelium, which forms the epidermis, contains keratin that allows it to be a tough protective cover for the body.

All epithelial tissue rests upon a ________ composed of connective tissue

basement membrane

Cuboid cells

boxlike, approximately as tall as they are wide.

Cardiac muscle tissue is single nucleated, has intercalated discs, and is ________.

branched

Which of the following best describes a squamous-shaped cell? a) A cell that possesses the ability to change its shape b) A spherical-shaped cell c) A flattened, scale-like cell d) A cell that is taller than it is wide e) A cell that is as wide as it is tall

c) A flattened, scale-like cell Squamous cells are flattened and scale-like.

Smooth muscle a) Pumps a liquid connective tissue through vessels b) Allows voluntary movement to occur by changing position of bones c) Allows hollow organs to contract and propel materials through them (digestive organs, reproductive organs, etc.)

c) Allows hollow organs to contract and propel materials through them (digestive organs, reproductive organs, etc.)

Walls of the heart a) Skeletal muscle tissue b) Smooth muscle tissue c) Cardiac muscle tissue

c) Cardiac muscle tissue

Which of the following apical epithelial cell structures functions in the movement of materials across the surface of the cell? a) Microvilli b) Keratin c) Cilia d) Flagellum e) Basal body

c) Cilia The cilia on an epithelium bend and move in coordinated waves, pushing mucus and other substances over the epithelial surface.

Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissues? a) Filtration b) Protection c) Control d) Secretion e) Ion transport

c) Control Epithelial tissue functions in protection, secretion, ion transport, and filtration, but control is the primary responsibility of nervous tissue.

Epithelium tissue a) Support b) Regulation/control c) Covering/lining d) Movement

c) Covering/lining

Cutaneous membrane a) Lines the ventral body cavity walls and covers the ventral body cavity viscera b) Lines the inside of hollow organs that open to the body's exterior c) Covers the outer surface of the body

c) Covers the outer surface of the body

Fibroblasts a) Bone formation b) Formation of cartilage c) Formation of fibers d) Blood cell formation e) Body's defense system

c) Formation of fibers

This unicellular gland is associated with mucus production. a) Macrophage b) Fibroblast c) Goblet cell d) Chondrocyte e) Plasma cell

c) Goblet cell Goblet cells, located between columnar epithelial cells, function in producing the protein mucin, which, when combined with water, forms mucus.

_______________ are important and common unicellular exocrine glands. a) Alveolar exocrine glands b) Apocrine glands c) Goblet cells d) Tubular exocrine glands e) Holocrine glands

c) Goblet cells

Muscular a) Primary cell-type branches and possesses multiple cell processes extending from the nucleus-containing cell body; possesses two types of cells: neurons and supportive cells called glia b) Avascular; associated with a basement membrane; apical and basal surfaces; great powers of regeneration; sparse extracellular matrix, innervated c) Highly vascular; elongated cells; possess actin and myosin filaments; can possess striations d) Large amount of extracellular matrix; originates from mesenchyme; possesses fibers

c) Highly vascular; elongated cells; possess actin and myosin filaments; can possess striations

Adipose a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs d) Supports external ear, epiglottis e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs

Plasma a) Cartilage-producing cell b) Bone-producing cell c) Liquid portion of blood d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue e) Type of fibroblast

c) Liquid portion of blood

Blood a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones b) Skeletal system c) Located within the cardiovascular system d) Primary tissue of the dermis e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

c) Located within the cardiovascular system

Connective tissue and muscle tissue a) Ectoderm b) Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm c) Mesoderm

c) Mesoderm

Smooth muscle and dense connective tissue a) Very good at regenerating b) No useful regeneration c) Moderate regenerating capacity d) Poor regenerating capacity

c) Moderate regenerating capacity

Transitional a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape

Hematopoietic stem cell a) Produces materials in connective tissue proper b) Produces extracellular matrix of bone c) Produces blood cells d) Produces extracellular matrix of cartilage

c) Produces blood cells

Cutaneous a) Provides secretions that lubricate and protect areas that open to the outside of the body b) Provides secretions for lubrication of organs enclosed within the body cavities c) Provides protection for outer surface of body

c) Provides protection for outer surface of body

Regeneration a) Tissue with a free apical surface b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division d) Desmosomes; tight junctions e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division

Simple cuboidal a) Filtration b) Stretching c) Secretion and absorption d) Protection from wear and tear

c) Secretion and absorption Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Secretion and absorption. Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface.

Which of the following tissues lines the majority of the digestive tract? a) Simple squamous b) Stratified cuboidal c) Simple columnar d) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar e) Transitional

c) Simple columnar Simple columnar epithelial tissue lines most of the digestive tract, from the stomach to the anus.

Intestinal glands a) Simple branched alveolar b) Compound tubuloalveolar c) Simple tubular d) Compound alveolar

c) Simple tubular

Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. ___ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened. a) Columnar b) Cuboidal c) Squamous d) Transitional

c) Squamous

Adiopocytes a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter b) Secrete histamine c) Store fat molecules d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers e) Produce antibodies

c) Store fat molecules

Skeletal muscle tissue a) No striations; spindle-shaped cells; uninucleated cells b) Striated; branching cells; intercalated discs; generally uninucleated cells c) Striated; multinucleated cells; long, large, cylinder-shaped cells

c) Striated; multinucleated cells; long, large, cylinder-shaped cells

Bone tissue a) Most atypical connective tissue; extracellular fibers are soluble protein molecules found in liquid plasma; abundant extracellular matrix b) Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic) c) Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells d) Stands up to both tension and compression; tough and flexible, providing resilient rigidity

c) Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells

Collagen fibers a) These long, thin, branching fibers form wide networks within the extracellular matrix and possess the ability to stretch and then return to their original length b) These short branching fibers cluster into delicate networks and have the ability to glide freely across one another whenever the network is pulled, allowing give c) The strongest and most abundant fibers, they allow connective tissues to resist tension

c) The strongest and most abundant fibers, they allow connective tissues to resist tension

Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue? a) Hyaline cartilage b) Areolar c) Transitional d) Compact bone e) Blood

c) Transitional Characteristic of epithelial tissues, transitional epithelium is a lining tissue found lining the inside of the hollow urinary organs.

Simple cuboidal a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels b) Skin c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules d) Lines the urinary bladder e) Upper respiratory tract

c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules

Macrophages: a) are cells that cannot wander through the body; they must remain fixed in a given tissue. b) release antibodies during inflammation. c) are phagocytic cells. d) are the same as mast cells.

c) are phagocytic cells.

Blood is considered a connective tissue because: a) it connects all parts of the body together. b) it provides support. c) it arises from mesenchymal tissue. d) the plasma contains fibers in the form of soluble protein molecules.

c) it arises from mesenchymal tissue. Blood is considered a connective tissue because it arises from mesenchymal tissue.

All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as: a) artilage b) ground substance c) mesenchyme d) reticular

c) mesenchyme

All the following are examples of connective tissue except: a) bones b) ligaments c) neurons d) tendons

c) neurons

Neurons are cells that are involved in: a) structural support. b) insulating the body. c) responding to stimuli. d) forming muscle tissue.

c) responding to stimuli.

This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is: a) cardiac muscle b) skeletal muscle c) smooth muscle

c) smooth muscle

Epithelial cells have all of the following properties except: a) specialized contacts. b) polarity. c) support by adipose tissues. d) the ability to rapidly divide and replace dead cells.

c) support by adipose tissues. Epithelial cells are supported by connective tissue, not adipose tissue.

Artifacts are: a) the appearance cells take on when they are stained with acidic dyes. b) the appearance cells take on when they are stained with base dyes. c) the minor distortions seen in cells from staining procedures. d) the appearance cells take on when they are stained with heavy metal dyes.

c) the minor distortions seen in cells from staining Artifacts are the minor distortions seen in cells from staining procedures.

Why are histological sections stained? a) to avoid microscopy artifacts b) to preserve the specimen c) to enhance contrast d) to make the specimen thin enough to transmit light or electrons

c) to enhance contrast

Cell types likely to be seen in areolar connective tissue include all except: ________.

chondrocytes

The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.

collagen

The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess ________.

collagen fibers

Mammary glands exhibit a glandular type called ________.

compound alveolar

The salivary glands are a good example of a ________ exocrine gland

compound tubuloalveolar

Hematopoietic stem cells a) Bone formation b) Formation of cartilage c) Formation of fibers d) Blood cell formation e) Body's defense system

d) Blood cell formation

White blood cells a) Bone formation b) Formation of cartilage c) Formation of fibers d) Blood cell formation e) Body's defense system

d) Blood cell formation

Mammary glands a) Simple branched alveolar b) Compound tubuloalveolar c) Simple tubular d) Compound alveolar

d) Compound alveolar

Specialized contacts a) Tissue with a free apical surface b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division d) Desmosomes; tight junctions e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

d) Desmosomes; tight junctions

All of the body's organs are derived from three primary germ layers. Which of the primary germ layers can produce epithelial tissues? a) Endoderm only. b) Ectoderm only. c) Mesoderm only. d) Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm can all give rise to epithelial tissues.

d) Ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm can all give rise to epithelial tissues.

During the process of tissue repair, which of the following processes produces scar tissue? a) Regeneration b) Stasis c) Secretion d) Fibrosis e) Inflammation

d) Fibrosis During the process of tissue repair, fibrosis involves the proliferation of a fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue.

Which of the following is true of mucin? a) It is a hormone found in mucus. b) It is a water-soluble salt secreted by goblet cells. c) It is an enzyme secreted by mucous cells. d) It is a complex glycoprotein found in mucus.

d) It is a complex glycoprotein found in mucus.

Connective a) Primary cell-type branches and possesses multiple cell processes extending from the nucleus-containing cell body; possesses two types of cells: neurons and supportive cells called glia b) Avascular; associated with a basement membrane; apical and basal surfaces; great powers of regeneration; sparse extracellular matrix, innervated c) Highly vascular; elongated cells; possess actin and myosin filaments; can possess striations d) Large amount of extracellular matrix; originates from mesenchyme; possesses fibers

d) Large amount of extracellular matrix; originates from mesenchyme; possesses fibers

Transitional a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels b) Skin c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules d) Lines the urinary bladder e) Upper respiratory tract

d) Lines the urinary bladder

Muscle tissue a) Support b) Regulation/control c) Covering/lining d) Movement

d) Movement

Stratified squamous a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? a) Bone tissue b) Cartilage c) Blood d) Nervous tissue

d) Nervous tissue

Extracellular matrix a) Cartilage-producing cell b) Bone-producing cell c) Liquid portion of blood d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue e) Type of fibroblast

d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue

Skeletal muscle and cartilage a) Very good at regenerating b) No useful regeneration c) Moderate regenerating capacity d) Poor regenerating capacity

d) Poor regenerating capacity

Dense irregular connective tissue a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones b) Skeletal system c) Located within the cardiovascular system d) Primary tissue of the dermis e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

d) Primary tissue of the dermis

Fibroblasts a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter b) Secrete histamine c) Store fat molecules d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers e) Produce antibodies

d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

Chondroblast a) Produces materials in connective tissue proper b) Produces extracellular matrix of bone c) Produces blood cells d) Produces extracellular matrix of cartilage

d) Produces extracellular matrix of cartilage

Stratified squamous a) Filtration b) Stretching c) Secretion and absorption d) Protection from wear and tear

d) Protection from wear and tear Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinzed type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superfical layers. Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion. Nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized varety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

You observe a tissue that has cells of varying heights. At first glance, it appeas that the tissue has multiple cell layers, but upon closer investigation you see that all of the cells attach to the same basement membrane. What classification would you give to this epithelial tissue? a) Transitional epithelium b) Stratified columnar epithelium c) Simple cuboidal epithelium d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium e) Stratified squamous epithelium

d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia. Secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action. Nonciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract.

Which of the following are functional characteristics of epithelial tissue? a) Supported by connective tissue b) Cells closely bound by specialized contacts c) Apical surface d) Secretion, protection, absorption, filtration e) Closely packed cells without much extracellular material

d) Secretion, protection, absorption, filtration All of these are functional characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Cartilage a) Most atypical connective tissue; extracellular fibers are soluble protein molecules found in liquid plasma; abundant extracellular matrix b) Loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, and reticular); dense connective tissue (dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic) c) Supports and protects body structures; stores fat; synthesizes blood cells d) Stands up to both tension and compression; tough and flexible, providing resilient rigidity

d) Stands up to both tension and compression; tough and flexible, providing resilient rigidity

Which of the following is found on the surface of the skin? a) Stratified cuboidal epithelium b) Simple columnar epithelium c) Blood d) Stratified squamous epithelium e) Areolar connective tissue

d) Stratified squamous The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium.

Which of the following types of epithelial tissue provides the greatest amount of protection? a) Stratified columnar b) Simple squamous c) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar d) Stratified squamous e) Transitional

d) Stratified squamous Stratified squamous is the thickest form of epithelial tissue and is composed of multiple layers of flat cells.

Elastic cartilage a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs d) Supports external ear, epiglottis e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

d) Supports external ear, epiglottis

The best classification of adipose tissue is: a) a dense connective tissue. b) an osseous connective tissue. c) a fibrous connective tissue. d) a loose connective tissue.

d) a loose connective tissue.

The skin is a ____________ membrane. a) synovial b) serous c) mucous d) cutaneous

d) cutaneous

A sebaceous (oil) gland of the skin must completely rupture to release its secretory products. Thus, this type of gland is considered to be a: a) merocrine gland. b) alveolar exocrine gland. c) apocrine gland. d) holocrine gland.

d) holocrine gland.

Groups of cells that a similar in structure and function are called: a) organ systems b) organisms c) organs d) tissues

d) tissues

Simple columnar epithelium of the digestive tract is characterized by ________.

dense microvilli

What type of tissue forms tendons? a) Areolar b) Elastic cartilage c) Adipose d) Dense irregular e) Dense regular connective tissue

e) Dense regular connective tissue Dense regular connective tissue forms tendons.

Embryonic ectoderm develops into which of the following major tissue types? a) Connective and muscle tissue b) Nervous tissue and muscle tissue c) Muscle tissue and epithelial tissue d) Connective and epithelial tissue e) Epithelial tissue and nervous tissue

e) Epithelial tissue and nervous tissue Nervous tissue develops solely from embryonic ectoderm, while epithelial tissues develop from ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm embryonic tissue.

Fibrocartilage a) Ligaments; tendons; aponeuroses b) Bone marrow; spleen; lymph nodes c) Hypodermis; in mesenteries; surrounding kidneys; posterior to eyeballs d) Supports external ear, epiglottis e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

e) Intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joint

Dense regular connective tissue a) Forms embryonic skeleton and covers the ends of long bones b) Skeletal system c) Located within the cardiovascular system d) Primary tissue of the dermis e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

e) Primary tissue of ligaments and tendons

Plasma cells a) Phagocytic cells that engulf foreign matter b) Secrete histamine c) Store fat molecules d) Produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers e) Produce antibodies

e) Produce antibodies

Simple columnar a) Single layer of cells that vary in height, with only the tall cells reaching the apical surface; nuclei at different levels; can contain goblet cells and cilia b) Single layer of flattened scale-like cells c) Multiple layers of cells with apical cells possessing the ability to change shape d) Multiple cell layers whose apical cells are flattened e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

e) Single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

Supported by connective tissue a) Tissue with a free apical surface b) No blood vessels; abundant nerve endings c) Rapidly replace lost cells by cell division d) Desmosomes; tight junctions e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

e) Two laminae forming a basement membrane

Reticular cell a) Cartilage-producing cell b) Bone-producing cell c) Liquid portion of blood d) Non-living material located between the cells of a connective tissue e) Type of fibroblast

e) Type of fibroblast

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar a) Walls of the air sacs of the lungs and lining blood vessels b) Skin c) Walls of smallest ducts of glands and kidney tubules d) Lines the urinary bladder e) Upper respiratory tract

e) Upper respiratory tract

Collagen is: a) a substance that forms delicate networks around blood vessels. b) a fibrous elastic material that allows certain connective tissues to resume their original length and shape upon being stretched. c) a protein designed to help tissues retain fluids for tissue cushioning. d) a gel-like substance that is found in the extracellular matrix of certain connective tissues. e) a fibrous protein that provides tensile strength to certain connective tissues.

e) a fibrous protein that provides tensile strength to certain connective tissues.

The role of microvilli is to: a) serve as a tissue boundary. b) strengthen the tissue. c) move substances along the tissue surface. d) protect the tissue. e) increase surface area.

e) increase surface area.

A type of connective tissue that provides primary support and protection for body structures is: a) muscle tissue. b) reticular connective tissue. c) nervous tissue. d) cartilage. e) osseous tissue. f) blood.

e) osseous tissue. Reticular connective tissue is found in soft tissues and does not provide primary support.

The shape of the external ear is maintained by ________.

elastic cartilage

Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in ________ connective tissue.

embryonic

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.

endocrine

The tissue type that arises from all three embryonic germ layers is ________.

epithelial tissue

What is epithelial tissue developed from?

epithelial tissues develop from ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm embryonic tissue.

A major characteristic of fibrocartilage is its unique amount of flexibility and elasticity

false

Endocrine glands are often called ducted glands

false

Intercalated discs and striations suggest the presence of skeletal muscle

false

Most connective tissues have regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not

false

Nervous tissue consists mainly of neurons and collagen fibers

false

Sweat glands are apocrine glands

false

The basic difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues is in the amount of elastic fibers and adipose cells present

false

Matrix is ________.

fibers and ground substance

Hyaline cartilage is different from elastic or fibrocartilage because ________.

fibers are not normally visible

Squamous cells

flattened and scalelike

Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified ________.

functionally into merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine divisions

This unicellular gland is associated with mucus production.

goblet cells

________ are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells

goblet cells

The three main components of connective tissue are ________.

ground substance, fibers, and cells

Epithelial tissue ________.

has a basement membrane

Which is true concerning muscle tissue

highly cellular and well vascularized

The first step in tissue repair involves ________.

inflammation

The uppermost layer of skin is composed of ________.

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Osteocytes exist in a tiny void called a ________.

lacuna

In all mucous membranes, an epithelium rests on a connective tissue layer called

lamina propria

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ________.

lines the respiratory tract

What would be a substance you would expect to find expelled from a compound alveolar gland?

milk

Which of these is not considered connective tissue

muscle

What are glycosaminoglycans

negatively charged polysaccharides

Ectoderm gives rise to:

nervous tissue

An epithelial membrane ________.

never contains mucus-forming cells

The presence of lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels would indicate ________.

osseous tissue

Macrophage-like cells are found in many different tissues, and may have specific names that reflect their location or specializations. What is the one functional characteristic common to all macrophage-like cells?

phagocytosis

The stroma of most solid organs is composed of:

reticular connective tissue

Inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which tissue?

simple columnar

Kidney tubules are composed of ________ epithelium

simple cuboidal

A single-celled layer of epithelium that forms the lining of serous membranes is ________.

simple squamous

Simple Epithelia is composed of ________ cell layer(s).

single (1 layer)

Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?

skeletal muscle cells are elongated and many can be quite long; therefore, they have multiple nuclei.

In adults, new surface epithelial cells and the epithelial cells lining the intestine are derived from _________.

stem cells

A multilayered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.

stratified squamous

Columnar Cells

tall and column shaped.

Artifacts are:

the minor distortions seen in cells from staining procedures.

The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?

the simple cuboidal cells line the kidney tubules (nephrons) so that secretion and absorption can take place.

Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?

the soma or cell body receives inputs (signals) from other cells and sends the information to the axon. But unlike a dendrite, it also is the main metabolic and nutritional center of the cell.

The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?

this epithelium protects underlying tissues from the wear and tear of constant swallowing in the esophagus.

The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?

this single layer of squamous cells is ideal for the diffusion of gases in the lungs.

Organized groups of cells (plus their intercellular substances) that have a common purpose form a(n) ________.

tissue

Multiple rows of cells covering a tissue in which the cells are the same shape from the basement membrane to the surfaces would be ________ epithelia

transitional

Cartilage tissue tends to heal less rapidly than bone tissue

true

Smooth muscle cells possess central nuclei but lack striations

true

Which statement best describes connective tissue

usually contains a large amount of matrix

Chondroblasts ________.

within the cartilage, divide and secrete new matrix