Chapter 4 tissues

which glands are classified as apocrine?

because they release their secretions by pinching off an apical portion to their cell. their secretions are rich in lipids from cytosol

Identify this tissue

cardiac

involuntary muscle tissue include

cardiac and smooth

hemidemosomes

cell junction that anchors epithelial cells firmly to the basement membrane

desmosomes

cell junction that anchors the cells of the epidermis to one another. this gives the ski its ability to endure stretching and other mechanical stresses (tensions) without tearing

osteocytes

cells of bone tissue

chondrocytes

cells of cartilage

what secretes earwax onto the surface of skin inside the ear canal?

cerimunous

dermis, fat, bones, cartilages, and blood are made of

connective tissue

dense regular

connective tissue forms strong structures such as ligaments, tendons, and aponeuroses that are able to withstand pulling along the axis of fibers. Collagen fibers of this tissue are arranged in parallel.

dense elastic

connective tissue has the ability to stretch in many directions and recoil back to its original shape. The walls of blood vessels, lungs, trachea, bronchi, and vocal cords have this tissue in their structure.

dense irregular

connective tissue is designed to withstand pulling in many directions. Structures such as dermis, fascia, periosteum, and synovial joint capsules are made of it.

blood

connective tissue is liquid. It transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products, and plays a role in the immune and allergic response.

loose adipose

connective tissue is located under the skin, around viscera, behind eyeballs, around joints, and inside bone shafts as yellow marrow. It is the main storage of fat in the body that acts as a source of energy, insulator from heat loss, padding for shock absorption, and a reservoir of water. Excellent source of stem cells, which are used to repair or replace damaged tissue

hyaline cartilage

connective tissue is resilient, smooth, and rubber-like. It appears bluish-white and shiny. A developing fetal skeleton is entirely made of this tissue. In adults, it covers the ends of articulating bones where it provides a smooth gliding surface. In addition, it forms nasal septum, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

fibrocartilage

connective tissue is resilient, smooth, and rubber-like; nevertheless, it is very strong and acts to provide support and rigidity, and bind structures together. Intervertebral discs, menisci, and pubic symphysis are made of this tissue.

elastic cartilage

connective tissue is resilient, smooth, and very pliable. Structures that are rigid yet have elasticity such as epiglottis, ear, and eustachian tubes are made of this type of tissue.

spongy bones

connective tissue is the most rigid in the body. It is made of irregular thin columns called trabeculae with lots of red and yellow bone marrow in between. It is used for protection, support, assistance in movement, storage of calcium, and blood cell production.

compact bone

connective tissue is the most rigid in the body. It is made of tightly packed cylindrical units called osteons. It is used for protection, support, assistance in movement, storage of calcium, and blood cell production.

loose reticular

connective tissue provides the supporting framework (stroma) for the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. It is also used for filtering out worn out cells and microbes.

loose areolar

connective tissue serves as a packing material around every structure. It binds tissues together, provides strength and support, and stores water. Hypodermis is partially made of this type of tissue.

simple columnar with microvilli

contains finger like projections (folds) on the apical surface of cells which increase the surface area for faster absorption and/or secretion. it always contains mucus producing goblet cells. forms most of the lining of digestive tract, and also some reproductive and urinary tracts

simple columnar with ciliated

contains hair like projections on the apical surface of cells the beat in unison and sweep mucus produced by goblet cells. forms lining of uterine tubes where it moves oocytes (eggs) expelled from ovaries through uterine (fallopian) tubes into uterus

epithelial tissue

covers body surfaces and line hollow organs of the body such as the stomach and bladder, and secretes substances protection of tissues beneath (trauma, radiation, toxins) selective barrier secretion of hormones into bloodstream

cutaneous membrane

covers surface of body. commenly known as skin

Leukocytes (WBC)

detect and fight invaders, and produce antibodies

epidermis, mucous membranes, and glands are made of

epithelial tissue

pseudo stratified with ciliated

epithelium contains hair-like projections on the apical surface of cells that beat in unison and sweep mucus produced by Goblet cells. It forms the lining of trachea where foreign particles are trapped in mucus and swept away for elimination from body.

stratified transitional

epithelium has elastic properties. It is able to stretch and return to a less stretched condition. When stretched, the cells at the top flatten out and when relaxed they become rounded. The lining of a urinary bladder is made of this type of epithelium.

Simple squamous

epithelium is extremely delicate and thin, perfect for fast absorption and/or secretion. it lines the surface of serous membrane, inner surface, and blood vessels and alveoli. NEVER found in areas subject to mechanical stress.

adherents junctions

forms an adhesion belt that encircles an entire cell. they prevent separation of cells during contractive activities such as movement of food through intestines or beating of heart

Identify this tissue

skeletal

voluntary muscle tissue include

skeletal

Identify this tissue

smooth

What secretes milk onto surface of breast nipples?

mammery glands

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

pithelium is very thick, thus it is great for protection from abrasion, desiccation, and foreign invasion. It forms epidermis, and the lining of vagina and mouth.

Soma (cell body)

portion of neuron that contains a nucleus

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produce fibrous proteins (fibers) such as collagen and elastic

serous membranes are made of

simple squamous epithelium

nervous tissue

-bodys control center (brain) -detects changes in external/internal environments (sensory receptors) -path for nerve impulses to travel (nerves) -relfexes (spinal cord) able to generate electrical signals that can trigger muscle contractions or glandular secretions

connective tissue

-can function as fat storage, pad out and bind an organ together, wrap and join skeletal muscles, or transport substances. -extensive extracellular matrix, usually has many blood vessels, and provides oxygen and nutrients to overlying tissues -stores energy, water, and minerals in fat and bone -immune response -compartmentalizes membrane, heart chambers, and spetum -insulates structures

muscular tissue

-creates movement of the body and within. -heat production and protection -posture stability (skeletal) -storage (sphincters)

cell junctions

-provide communication between cells -holds cells together -anchors cells to other structures

Four primary tires of tissue

1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nervous

Tissue is made of

1. Group of cells 2. Extracellular matrix

Identify parts of neuron

A. Nucleus and soma B. dendrites C. axon D. axon terminal

Epithelium structure

A. apical (free) surface B. lateral surfaces C. epithelial cells D. Basal surface E. Basal lamina F. Reticular lamina G.Nerve H.Blood vessel

Procedure in which a tissue sample is removed from the body for examination

Biopsy

compact bone structure

D. canaliculi E. osteocyte F. lacuna G. osteon I. J. periosteum K. central canal L. perforating canal M. perforating (sharpeys) fibers

Mesenchymal cells

Forms almost all other types of connective tissue

Physician who examines tissues and cells for any change that might indicate a disease or disorder

Pathologist

Extra cellular matrix is made of

Protein and ground substances

what secretes mucus onto the mucous membranes?

goblet cells

axon

is a portion of a neuron on which a nerve impulse travels.

dendrites

is a portion of a neuron that detects stimuli.

axon terminal

is a portion of a neuron that releases neurotransmitters.

what secretes tears onto the surface of eyes?

lacrimal glands

synovial membrane

line the inner capsule of movable joints

mucous membrane

lines body cavities and organ lumen that open to the outside. found lining the trachea, bronchi, nasal/oral cavities, stomach, intestines, and organs of the reproductive tract

serous membranes

lines body cavities that do NOT open to the outside. these membranes form peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura (thorax)

skeletal tissue

made of long cylindrical cells called muscle fivers that are arranged in parallel bundles

cardiac

muscle tissue is made of short cylindrical cells that are branched, and are connected end to end via intercalated discs.

smooth

muscle tissue is made of short spindle-shaped cells that are arranged in sheets.

tongue, heart, walls of blood vessels, intestines, and bladder are made of

muscular tissue

brain, spinal cord, and sensory receptors are made of

nervous tissue

Epithelium types most suitable for protection from abrasion, desiccation, and foreign invasion are:

nonkeratinized stratified squamous keratinized stratified squamous stratified cuboidal stratified columnar

which glands are classified as merocrine?

salivary glands because they release their secretions via exocytosis

what secretes oil onto the surface of hairy skin

sebaceous glands

which glands are classified as holocrine?

sebaceous glands because they release their secretions by lysing an entire cell. their secretions are rich in lipids from cytosol.

exocrine gland

secrete substances into the ducts that empty onto the surface covering and lining epithelium

endocrine gland

secretes hormones into bloodstream

mucuous membranes are made of

simple columnar

Epithelium types most suitable for or functions such as rapid absorption and secretion, and filtration are:

simple squamous simple columnar w/ microvilli simple columnar - ciliated pseuodstratified - ciliated simple cuboidal

Thrombocytes (platelets)

stop bleeding by clumping and producing fibrin that creates a blood clot

Adipocytes

store fat

cutaneous membrane is made of

stratified squamous epithelium

what secretes sweat onto surface of skin?

sudoriferous

which membrane is non-epithelial?

synovial

simple cuboidal epithelium

thin, great for absorption and secretion. it forms a secretory part of some glands, and the urinary tubules of kidneys that filter blood to make urine

gap junctions

tiny fluid filled tunnel called connexions which allow movement of ions and small molecules between cells. found between muscle cells in the heart and in organs with smooth muscle tissue such as the GI tract where cells are required to contract simultaneously

tight junctions

tissue that restricts movement of water and other molecules between adjacent cells.

cell junctions are made of

transmembrane proteins

Erythrocytes (RBC)

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

True or false cells in tissued can be anchored to one another or their matrix

true

true or false cells in tissue can move freely through the body

true