Chapter 4

At what age do children first show fear when a new person enters their environment? at birth 3 months 6 months 9 months

6 months

The Harlow (1958) study concluded that contact comfort is more important for attachment than feeding. What evidence was used to support this conclusion? Baby monkeys cried when separated from their mothers and stopped crying when reunited with their mothers. Baby monkeys spent more time with cloth surrogate mothers than with wire surrogate mothers. Baby monkeys spent more time with wire surrogate mothers than with cloth surrogate mothers. Baby monkeys spent more time with surrogate mothers that fed them regardless of whether the mothers were wire or cloth.

Baby monkeys spent more time with cloth surrogate mothers than with wire surrogate mothers.

Which of the following statements about reciprocal socialization is TRUE? Reciprocal socialization is unidirectional. Children socialize parents just as parents socialize children. Mutual eye contact plays only a minimal role in socialization. Reciprocal behaviors of a mother and infant increase when they focus attention away from each other.

Children socialize parents just as parents socialize children.

Evidence that supports the idea that emotions have a strong biological foundation includes all of the following, EXCEPT: facial expressions of basic emotions are the same across cultures. babies who are born blind, and thus have never seen a facial expression of emotion, smile in the same way that babies with normal vision do. men and women share the same basic emotions. babies who are born blind, and thus have never seen a facial expression of emotion, frown in the same way that babies with normal vision do.

Men and women share the same basic emotions

In the United States, parents tend to prefer children with a(n)__________ temperament, whereas in China, a(n) _________ temperament is more highly valued. active; inhibited inhibited; active inner-focused; outward-focused outward-focused; inner-focused.

active; inhibited

How do child-care programs for children in low-income families compare with child care available to children in families of higher economic status? Poor children in child-care programs enjoy better interactions with their teachers but encounter higher teacher-child ratios. Higher-income children enjoy both better teacher-child ratios and better interactions with their teachers than do poor children in child-care programs. A majority of child care in the first three years of life is of unacceptably low quality, but infants from low-income families have lower-quality child care than infants from higher-income families. There is really no significant difference between the quality of child care for the poor and child care for those of higher income.

NOT Higher-income children enjoy both better teacher-child ratios and better interactions with their teachers than do poor children in child-care programs.

According to some research, what might be more important than attachment style in predicting later social functioning? temperament consistency in caregiving level of autonomy adaptability

consistency in caregiving

According to Jerome Kagan (2002, 2003), temperament can be classified by focusing on: differences between children who are considered easy and those considered more difficult. differences between children who are usually cheerful and those who cry a lot of the time. differences between children who are shy and timid and those who are sociable and bold. differences between children who are high on effortful control and those who are low on it.

differences between children who are shy and timid and those who are sociable and bold.

Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overly controlling and rigid. Developmental psychologists would say that a discussion of this discrepancy concerns: goodness of fit. nonreciprocal interactions. social dysfunction. insecure attachment.

goodness of fit.

Two-month-old Trey is crying loudly. His cry starts with a piercing shrill sound. Then there is a long period during which Trey holds his breath (turning red), and then the next crying sound comes out. This type of cry indicates that Trey is: in pain very tired very angry very hungry

in pain

Which of the following pairs is correct? insecure resistant infant and abusive parenting insecure avoidant infant and rejecting parenting insecure avoidant infant and disorganized parenting disorganized infant and inconsistent parenting

insecure avoidant infant and rejecting parenting

In the Strange Situation, Latoya basically ignored her mother, was not upset when she left the room, and did not seek her out when she returned. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Latoya as: securely attached insecurely attached insecure resistant insecure antisocial

insecurely attached

A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattle away, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep the rattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually, the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother and smiles. This is an example of: sociability scaffolding emotionality training

scaffolding

Javier and his father are at the circus. A clown jumps in front of them, and Javier looks at his father to see if he is afraid or laughing. Javier is using: social referencing emotional regulation. social reassurance. modeling

social referencing

Nine-month-old Tyler is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Tyler will most likely: touch his own nose to wipe off the spot. touch the spot on the mirror, because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose. touch the spot on the mirror, because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose. touch his own nose and then the mirror, because he recognizes his self.

touch the spot on the mirror, because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.