Chapter 44 Assessment and Management of Patients with Biliary Disorders PrepU
The nurse is caring for a client with acute pancreatitis who is admitted to the intensive care unit to monitor for pulmonary complications. What is the nurse's understanding of the pathophysiology of pulmonary complications related to pancreatitis? Pancreatitis can elevate the diaphragm and alter the breathing pattern. Pancreatitis causes thickening of pulmonary secretions, impairing oxygenation. Pancreatitis can atrophy the diaphragm and alter the breathing pattern. Pancreatitis causes alterations to hemoglobin, impairing oxygenation.
Pancreatitis can elevate the diaphragm and alter the breathing pattern. Explanation: Aggressive pulmonary care is required for clients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreatitis can elevate the diaphragm and alter the breathing pattern of clients. Pancreatitis can cause retention of pulmonary secretions but does not thicken the secretions. Acute pancreatitis does not alter the hemoglobin.
A client with calculi in the gallbladder is said to have Cholecystitis Cholelithiasis Choledocholithiasis Choledochotomy
Cholelithiasis Explanation: Calculi, or gallstones, usually form in the gallbladder from the solid constituents of bile; they vary greatly in size, shape, and composition. Cholecystitis is acute inflammation of the gallbladder. Choledocholithiasis is a gallstone in the common bile duct. Choledochotomy is an incision into the common bile duct.
A client with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas is scheduled for surgery. Which of the following should a nurse administer to the client before surgery? Potassium Vitamin K Vitamin B Oral bile acids
Vitamin K Explanation: Clients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas typically require vitamin K before surgery to correct a prothrombin deficiency. Potassium would be given only if the client's serum potassium levels were low. Oral bile acids are not prescribed for a client with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas; they are given to dissolve gallstones. Vitamin B has no implications in the surgery.
A client with cholelithiasis has a gallstone lodged in the common bile duct. When assessing this client, the nurse expects to note: yellow sclerae. light amber urine. circumoral pallor. black, tarry stools.
yellow sclerae. Explanation: Yellow sclerae are an early sign of jaundice, which occurs when the common bile duct is obstructed. Urine normally is light amber. Circumoral pallor and black, tarry stools don't occur in common bile duct obstruction; they are signs of hypoxia and GI bleeding, respectively.
The nurse instructs a client on care at home after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Which client statement indicates that teaching has been effective? "I can drive after 2 weeks." "I can take a shower in a week." "I should remain on bed rest for several days." "I should wash the site with mild soap and water."
"I should wash the site with mild soap and water." Explanation: After a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the client should be instructed about pain management, activity and exercise, wound care, nutrition, and follow-up care. The client should be directed to wash the puncture site with mild soap and water when caring for the wound. When resuming activity, the client should be instructed to drive after 3 or 4 days, take a shower or bath after 1 or 2 days, and begin light exercise such as walking immediately.
A nurse cares for a client with interstitial pancreatitis. What client teaching will the nurse include when planning care for the client? "Inflammation is confined to only the pancreas." "Normal function returns after about 2 weeks." "Inflammation spreads to the surrounding glands." "Tissue necrosis occurs within the pancreas."
"Inflammation is confined to only the pancreas." Explanation: There are two forms of pancreatitis-inflammatory and necrotizing. Interstitial pancreatitis is characterized by diffuse enlargement of the pancreas due to inflammatory edema confined only to the pancreas itself; normal function returns after about 6 months. Necrotizing pancreatitis is life-threatening and tissue necrosis occurs within the pancreas as well as the surrounding glands.
A nurse is providing dietary instructions to a client with a history of pancreatitis. Which instruction is correct? "Maintain a high-fat diet and drink at least 3 L of fluid a day." "Maintain a high-sodium, high-calorie diet." "Maintain a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet." "Maintain a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet."
"Maintain a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet." Explanation: A client with a history of pancreatitis should avoid foods and beverages that stimulate the pancreas, such as fatty foods, caffeine, and gas-forming foods; should avoid eating large meals; and should eat plenty of carbohydrates, which are easily metabolized. Therefore, the only correct instruction is to maintain a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. An increased sodium or fluid intake isn't necessary because chronic pancreatitis isn't associated with hyponatremia or fluid loss.
A nurse cares for an older adult client and teaches the client about age-related changes of the biliary tract. What statements will the nurse include when discussing age-related changes that occur in the pancreas of the older adult? Select all that apply. "The pancreas enlarges and atrophies with age." "The pancreas develops fibrous material with age." "The pancreas develops fatty deposits with age." "The pancreas decreases secretion of enzymes with age." "The pancreas decreases bicarbonate secretion with age."
"The pancreas develops fibrous material with age." "The pancreas develops fatty deposits with age." "The pancreas decreases secretion of enzymes with age." "The pancreas decreases bicarbonate secretion with age." Explanation: Age-related changes to the pancreas include: the development of fibrous material and fatty deposits, as well as decreased secretion of both pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate. The pancreas remains the same size as the client ages and atrophy is not a normal age-related finding.
A client has a nasogastric (NG) tube for suction and is NPO after a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Which explanation made by the nurse is the major purpose of this treatment? "The tube helps control fluid and electrolyte imbalance." "The tube provides relief from nausea and vomiting." "The tube allows the gastrointestinal tract to rest." "The tube allows toxins to be removed."
"The tube allows the gastrointestinal tract to rest." Explanation: Postoperative management of clients who have undergone a pancreatectomy or a pancreaticoduodenectomy is similar to the management of clients after extensive gastrointestinal or biliary surgery. An NG tube with suction and parenteral nutrition allow the gastrointestinal tract to rest while promoting adequate nutrition.
A client discharged after a laparoscopic cholecystectomy calls the surgeon's office reporting severe right shoulder pain 24 hours after surgery. Which statement is the correct information for the nurse to provide to this client? "This pain is caused from the gas used to inflate your abdominal area during surgery. Sitting upright in a chair, walking, or using a heating pad may ease the discomfort." "This pain is caused from your incision. Take analgesics as needed and as prescribed and report to the surgeon if pain is unrelieved even with analgesic use." "This may be the initial symptoms of an infection. You need to come to see the surgeon today for an evaluation." "This pain may be caused by a bile duct injury. You will need to go to the hospital immediately to have this evaluated."
"This pain is caused from the gas used to inflate your abdominal area during surgery. Sitting upright in a chair, walking, or using a heating pad may ease the discomfort." Explanation: If pain occurs in the right shoulder or scapular area (from migration of the carbon dioxide used to insufflate the abdominal cavity during the procedure), the nurse may recommend using a heating pad for 15 to 20 minutes hourly, sitting up in a bed or chair, or walking.
A nurse should monitor blood glucose levels for a patient diagnosed with hyperinsulinism. What blood glucose level does the nurse recognize as inadequate to sustain normal brain function? 30 mg/dL 50 mg/dL 70 mg/dL 90 mg/dL
30 mg/dL Explanation: Hyperinsulinism is caused by overproduction of insulin by the pancreatic islets. Occasionally, tumors of nonpancreatic origin produce an insulin-like material that can cause severe hypoglycemia and may be responsible for seizures coinciding with blood glucose levels that are too low to sustain normal brain function (i.e., lower than 30 mg/dL [1.6 mmol/L]) (Goldman & Schafer, 2012; McPherson & Pincus, 2011).
Pharmacologic therapy frequently is used to dissolve small gallstones. It takes about how many months of medication with UDCA or CDCA for stones to dissolve? 1 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 12 13 to 18
6 to 12 Explanation: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA [URSO, Actigall]) and chenodeoxycholic acid (chenodiol or CDCA [Chenix]) have been used to dissolve small, radiolucent gallstones composed primarily of cholesterol. Six to 12 months of therapy are required in many clients to dissolve stones, and monitoring of the client for recurrence of symptoms or occurrence of side effects (e.g., GI symptoms, pruritus, headache) is required during this time.
A patient is receiving pharmacologic therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid or chenodeoxycholic-cholic acid for treatment of small gallstones. The patient asks the nurse how long the therapy will take to dissolve the stones. What is the best answer the nurse can give? 1 to 2 months 3 to 5 months 6 to 8 months 6 to 12 months
6 to 12 months Explanation: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA [Urso, Actigall]) and chenodeoxycholic acid (chenodiol or CDCA [Chenix]) have been used to dissolve small, radiolucent gallstones composed primarily of cholesterol (Karch, 2012). Six to 12 months of therapy is required in many patients to dissolve stones, and monitoring of the patient for recurrence of symptoms or the occurrence of side effects (e.g., GI symptoms, pruritus, headache) is required during this time.
A client is instructed to follow a low-fat diet after an inflammatory attack of the gallbladder. Which vitamins or other acids will the nurse recommend the client supplement due to the client's dietary restrictions? Select all that apply. A D K Essential fatty acids Folic acid
A D K Essential fatty acids Explanation: A low-fat diet should be supplemented with vitamins A, D, K, and essential fatty acids. These vitamins are fat-soluble and will need to be administered if the client does not have adequate fat intake. Folic acid is not a fat-soluble vitamin.
A client with a history of alcohol abuse comes to the emergency department and complains of abdominal pain. Laboratory studies help confirm a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. The client's vital signs are stable, but the client's pain is worsening and radiating to his back. Which intervention takes priority for this client? Placing the client in a semi-Fowler's position Maintaining nothing-by-mouth (NPO) status Administering morphine I.V. as ordered Providing mouth care
Administering morphine I.V. as ordered Explanation: The nurse should address the client's pain issues first by administering morphine I.V. as ordered. Placing the client in a Semi-Fowler's position, maintaining NPO status, and providing mouth care don't take priority over addressing the client's pain issues.
A nursing student has been assigned to care for a client with pancreatic cancer. The student is aware that the risk for pancreatic cancer is most directly proportional to Age Dietary intake of fat Cigarette smoking Presence of diabetes mellitus
Age Explanation: Incidence of pancreatic cancer increases with age, peaking in the seventh and eighth decades for both men and women. It is very rare before 45 years, and most patients present in or beyond the sixth decade of life. Cigarette smoking, exposure to industrial chemicals or toxins in the environment, and a diet high in fat, meat, or both are associated with pancreatic cancer, although their roles are not completely clear. Diabetes mellitus, chronic pancreatitis, and hereditary pancreatitis are also associated with pancreatic cancer.
A nurse is teaching a client and the client's family about chronic pancreatitis. Which are the major causes of chronic pancreatitis? Malnutrition and acute pancreatitis Alcohol consumption and smoking Caffeine consumption and acute pancreatitis Acute hepatitis and alcohol consumption
Alcohol consumption and smoking Explanation: Alcohol consumption in Western societies is a major factor in the development of chronic pancreatitis, as is smoking. Because heavy drinkers usually smoke, it is difficult to separate the effects of the alcohol abuse and smoking. Malnutrition is a major cause of chronic pancreatitis worldwide, but alcohol consumption is more commonly the cause in Western societies. Caffeine consumption is not related to acute pancreatitis. Acute hepatitis does not usually lead to chronic pancreatitis unless complications develop.
A client who had developed jaundice 2 months earlier is brought to the ED after attending a party and developing excruciating pain that radiated over the abdomen and into the back. Upon assessment, which additional symptom would the nurse expect this client to have? Hypertension Bile-stained vomiting Warm, dry skin Weight loss
Bile-stained vomiting Explanation: Nausea and vomiting are common in acute pancreatitis. The emesis is usually gastric in origin but may also be bile stained. Fever, jaundice, mental confusion, and agitation may also occur.
A client with acute pancreatitis is prescribed hydromorphone 2 mg intranvenously every 4 hours as needed for severe pain. Which assessment will the nurse prioritize for this client? Heart sounds Bowel sounds Bleeding tendency Development of nausea
Bowel sounds Explanation: Adequate administration of analgesia is essential during the course of acute pancreatitis to provide sufficient pain relief and to minimize restlessness, which may further stimulate pancreatic secretion. Pain relief may require parenteral opioids such as morphine, fentanyl, or hydromorphone. Gastrointestinal paralysis and ileus are common problems in early acute pancreatitis that can be potentiated and aggravated by the use of high-dose opioids. Although opioids can affect heart rate, assessing the effect on heart sounds would not be the priority over assessing for bowel sounds in acute pancreatitis. Bleeding tendency would be a priority if the client is taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Nausea is not identified as a potential adverse effect when a client with acute pancreatitis receives opioids for pain management.
A nurse is reviewing the health care provider orders for a client admitted with acute pancreatitis. The health care provider has ordered intravenous calcium chloride infusions for the client. What does the nurse understand is the reason for this order? Calcium binds to fatty acids when auto digestion of the pancreas occurs. Calcium is unable to form when pancreatic enzymes are elevated. Calcium binds to proteins in the blood when pancreatic enzymes are released. Calcium is unable to enter the blood when auto digestion of the pancreas occurs.
Calcium binds to fatty acids when auto digestion of the pancreas occurs. Explanation: Hypocalcemia is a potential problem with acute pancreatitis because calcium binds to fatty acids when auto digestion of the pancreas occurs.
The nurse is caring for a client with a biliary disorder who has an elevated amylase level. If this elevation correlates to dysfunction, which body process does the nurse recognize may be impaired? Carbohydrate digestion Protein synthesis Fat digestion Protein digestion
Carbohydrate digestion Explanation: Amylase is a pancreatic enzyme involved in the breakdown and digestion of carbohydrates. Trypsin aids in the digestion of proteins. Lipase aids in the digestion of fats.
Which is a clinical manifestation of cholelithiasis? Epigastric distress before a meal Clay-colored stools Abdominal pain in the upper left quadrant Nonpalpable abdominal mass
Clay-colored stools Explanation: The client with gallstones has clay-colored stools and excruciating upper right quadrant pain that radiates to the back or right shoulder. The excretion of bile pigments by the kidneys makes urine very dark. The feces, no longer colored with bile pigments, are grayish (like putty) or clay colored. The client develops a fever and may have a palpable abdominal mass.
A client has a tumor of the head of the pancreas. What clinical manifestations will the nurse assess? Select all that apply. Clay-colored stools Dark urine Jaundice Weight gain Persistent hiccups
Clay-colored stools Dark urine Jaundice Explanation: Sixty to eighty percent of pancreatic tumors occur in the head of the pancreas. Tumors in this region obstruct the common bile duct. The obstructed flow of bile produces jaundice, clay-colored stools, and dark urine. Malabsorption of nutrients and fat-soluble vitamins may result if the tumor obstructs the entry of bile to the gastrointestinal tract. Abdominal discomfort or pain and pruritus may be noted, along with anorexia, weight loss, and malaise. If these signs and symptoms are present, cancer of the head of the pancreas is suspected. Persistent hiccups are seen with stomach and bowel diseases.
A 70-year-old client is admitted with acute pancreatitis. The nurse understands that the mortality rate associated with acute pancreatitis increases with advanced age and attributes this to which gerontologic consideration associated with the pancreas? Decreases in the physiologic function of major organs Increases in the bicarbonate output by the kidneys Increases in the rate of pancreatic secretion Development of local complications
Decreases in the physiologic function of major organs Explanation: Acute pancreatitis affects people of all ages, but the mortality rate associated with acute pancreatitis increases with advancing age. The pattern of complications changes with age. Younger clients tend to develop local complications; the incidence of multiple organ failure increases with age, possibly as a result of progressive decreases in physiologic function of major organs with increasing age.
A nurse is caring for a client who was admitted with pain, tenderness, and rigidity of the upper right abdomen, suggesting a gall bladder issue. The client has also been experiencing nausea and vomiting for the past 3 days. The admitting service is planning for tests to be conducted in the morning. Complete the table of diagnostics by choosing from the list of implications for testing. Diagnostic Implications for Testing Laboratory Assessments Dropdown Item 1 Ultrasonography Dropdown Item 2 Cholescintigraphy Dropdown Item 3 Part 1: Cholesterol is elevated in biliary obstruction. Acidosis allows for definitive diagnosis of the condition. Potassium is decreased indicating the presence of a gallstone. Part 2: It can provide a definitive diagnosis hepatic cancer. It requires the client to be sedated prior to the test. It is used to visualize calculi in the gallbladder. Part 3: High-frequency sound will produce images of pancreatic structures. The radioactive dye allows for visualization of the biliary tract. A series of x ray images from different angles will create images of the soft tissues of the gallbladder.
Dropdown item 1: Cholesterol is elevated in biliary obstruction. Dropdown item 2: It is used to visualize calculi in the gallbladder. Dropdown item 3: The radioactive dye allows for visualization of the biliary tract. Explanation: Laboratory assessments such as cholesterol levels are used to identify the high levels of cholesterol that contribute to the cholesterol stones. Acidosis (low pH) is not used to diagnosis gall bladder conditions but to identify acid-base imbalances. Potassium is an electrolyte and is not elevated or decreased with the presence of gallstones. An ultrasound or sonography is a high-frequency sound used to produce images of the soft tissue of the gallbladder. Ultrasound can identify a mass, but it does not provide the information needed to determine whether the mass is benign or malignant. The ultrasound does not require sedation; the client is usually awake during the procedure. Cholescintigraphy has been used successfully to diagnosis acute cholecystitis or blockage of a bile duct. In this procedure, a radioactive agent is administered intravenously and then the biliary tract is scanned and images of the gallbladder and biliary tract are obtained. This procedure is more expensive, takes longer to perform and exposes the client to radiation. This procedure does not involve x-rays or high-frequency sound.
The nurse cares for a client with gallstones that need to be removed but is not a surgical candidate or endoscopic candidate. What procedure does the nurse recognize as being a possible treatment option for the client? ESWL ERCP T-tube insertion Transnasal biliary catheter insertion
ESWL Explanation: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy, (ESWL) also known as lithotripsy, uses shock waves to break up gallstones for their removal and does not involve surgery or endoscopy. The other answer choices are performed by endoscopy.
A client with severe acute pancreatitis has been on nothing by mouth status for two days. Which nutrition will the nurse expect to be prescribed for this client? Clear liquids Enteral feedings Diet as tolerated Parenteral nutrition
Enteral feedings Explanation: Management of acute pancreatitis is directed toward relieving symptoms and preventing or treating complications. All oral intake is withheld to inhibit stimulation of the pancreas and its secretion of enzymes. The current recommendation is that, whenever possible, the enteral route should be used to meet nutritional needs in clients with pancreatitis. Enteral feedings should be started early in the course of acute pancreatitis. Clear liquids and diet as tolerated are not identified as nutritional alternatives in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. Parenteral nutrition would be considered in clients unable to tolerate enteral nutrition.
When the nurse is caring for a patient with acute pancreatitis, what intervention can be provided in order to prevent atelectasis and prevent pooling of respiratory secretions? Frequent changes of positions Placing the patient in the prone position Perform chest physiotherapy Suction the patient every 4 hours
Frequent changes of positions Explanation: Frequent changes of position are necessary to prevent atelectasis and pooling of respiratory secretions.
Which condition in a client with pancreatitis makes it necessary for the nurse to check fluid intake and output, check hourly urine output, and monitor electrolyte levels? Frequent vomiting, leading to loss of fluid volume Dry mouth, which makes the client thirsty Acetone in the urine High glucose concentration in the blood
Frequent vomiting, leading to loss of fluid volume Explanation: Fluid and electrolyte disturbances are common complications because of nausea, vomiting, movement of fluid from the vascular compartment to the peritoneal cavity, diaphoresis, fever, and the use of gastric suction. The nurse assesses the client's fluid and electrolyte status by noting skin turgor and moistness of mucous membranes. The nurse weighs the client daily and carefully measures fluid intake and output, including urine output, nasogastric secretions, and diarrhea.
A client is diagnosed with a tumor on the head of the pancreas. Which treatment(s) will the nurse anticipate being prescribed to prepare the client for surgery? Select all that apply. Heparin intravenously High protein diet Blood component therapy Pancrelipase Vitamin K supplements
High protein diet Blood component therapy Pancrelipase Vitamin K supplements Explanation: Before extensive surgery can be performed, a period of preparation is necessary because the client's nutritional status and physical condition are quite often compromised. A high-protein diet is often prescribed. Blood component therapy is frequently required. Pancreatic enzymes (such as pancrelipase) which aid in digestion are often prescribed. Preoperative preparation also includes vitamin K to minimize postoperative complications. Anticoagulants like heparin are not prescribed prior to surgery for a tumor on the head of the pancreas as they could increase the risk of bleeding.
Flash Card #49 is a drop down question on PrepU
Hope it helps.
A nurse is providing preoperative teaching to a client undergoing a cholecystectomy. Which topic should the nurse include in her teaching plan? Increase respiratory effectiveness. Eliminate the need for nasogastric intubation. Improve nutritional status during recovery. Decrease the amount of postoperative analgesia needed.
Increase respiratory effectiveness. Explanation: The nurse must teach the client about using an incentive spirometer to promote lung expansion. The high abdominal incision used in a cholecystectomy interferes with respirations postoperatively, increasing the risk of atelectasis. The client will need to use incentive spirometry to promote lung expansion, increase alveolar inflation, and strengthen respiratory muscles. Most clients don't have a nasogastric tube in place after a cholecystectomy. It isn't appropriate to teach improved nutritional status before surgery. It isn't important for the client to be aware of how to decrease the amount of postoperative analgesia, because this is the responsibility of the health care team.
Which is a gerontological consideration associated with the pancreas? Increased amount of fibrous material Increased bicarbonate output Increased rate of pancreatic secretion Increased calcium absorption
Increased amount of fibrous material Explanation: An increase in fibrous material and some fatty deposition occurs in the normal pancreas of people older than 70 years of age. There is a decreased rate of pancreatic secretion and decreased bicarbonate output in older adults. Decreased calcium absorption may also occur.
Clinical manifestations of common bile duct obstruction include all of the following except: Light-colored urine Clay-colored feces Pruritus Jaundice
Light-colored urine Explanation: The excretion of the bile pigments by the kidneys gives the urine a very dark color. The feces, no longer colored with bile pigments, are grayish, like putty, or clay-colored. The symptoms may be acute or chronic. Epigastric distress, such as fullness, abdominal distention, and vague pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, may occur. If it goes untreated jaundice and pruritus can occur.
A nurse is planning care for a client with acute pancreatitis. Which client outcome does the nurse assign as the highest priority? Developing no acute complications from the pancreatitis Maintaining normal respiratory function Maintaining satisfactory pain control Achieving adequate fluid and electrolyte balance
Maintaining normal respiratory function Explanation: Airway and breathing are always the priority assessment. Acute pancreatitis produces retroperitoneal edema, elevation of the diaphragm, pleural effusion, and inadequate lung ventilation. Intra-abdominal infection and labored breathing increase the body's metabolic demands, which further decreases pulmonary reserve and can lead to respiratory failure. Maintenance of adequate respiratory function is the priority goal. The other outcomes would also be appropriate for the patient.
A client with acute pancreatitis has been started on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which action should the nurse perform after administration of the TPN? Auscultate the abdomen for bowel sounds every 4 hours Measure abdominal girth every shift Monitor for reports of nausea and vomiting Measure blood glucose concentration every 4 to 6 hours
Measure blood glucose concentration every 4 to 6 hours Explanation: Enteral or parenteral nutrition may be prescribed. In addition to administering enteral or parenteral nutrition, the nurse monitors the serum glucose concentration every 4 to 6 hours.
A client diagnosed with acute pancreatitis is being transferred to another facility. The nurse caring for the client completes the transfer summary, which includes information about the client's drinking history and other assessment findings. Which assessment findings confirm the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis? Pain with abdominal distention and hypotension Presence of blood in the client's stool and recent hypertension Presence of easy bruising and bradycardia Adventitious breath sounds and hypertension
Pain with abdominal distention and hypotension Explanation: Assessment findings associated with pancreatitis include pain with abdominal distention and hypotension. Blood in stools and recent hypertension aren't associated with pancreatitis; fatty diarrhea and hypotension are usually present. Presence of easy bruising and bradycardia aren't found with pancreatitis; the client typically experiences tachycardia, not bradycardia. Adventitious breath sounds and hypertension aren't associated with pancreatitis.
Which of the following conditions is most likely to involve a nursing diagnosis of fluid volume deficit? Appendicitis Pancreatitis Cholecystitis Peptic ulcer
Pancreatitis Explanation: Hypotension is typical and reflects hypovolemia and shock caused by the loss of large amounts of protein-rich fluid into the tissues and peritoneal cavity. The other conditions are less likely to exhibit fluid volume deficit.
One difference between cholesterol stones (left) and the stones on the right are that the ones on the right account for only 10% to 25% of cases of stones in the United States. What is the name of the stones on the right? Pigment Pearl Patterned Pixelated
Pigment Explanation: There are two major types of gallstones: those composed predominantly of pigment and those composed primarily of cholesterol. Pigment stones probably form when unconjugated pigments in the bile precipitate to form stones; these stones account for 10% to 25% of cases in the United States. There are no gallstones with the names of pearl, patterned, or pixelated.
When caring for a client with acute pancreatitis, the nurse should use which comfort measure? Administering an analgesic once per shift, as ordered, to prevent drug addiction Positioning the client on the side with the knees flexed Encouraging frequent visits from family and friends Administering frequent oral feedings
Positioning the client on the side with the knees flexed Explanation: The nurse should place the client with acute pancreatitis in a side-lying position with knees flexed; this position promotes comfort by decreasing pressure on the abdominal muscles. The nurse should administer an analgesic, as needed and ordered, before pain becomes severe, rather than once each shift. Because the client needs a quiet, restful environment during the acute disease stage, the nurse should discourage frequent visits from family and friends. Frequent oral feedings are contraindicated during the acute stage to allow the pancreas to rest.
A client with a new diagnosis of gallstones declines surgical intervention and requests information on midigating stratergies. The nurse anticipates teaching to focus on which client behaviors and monitoring strategies? Increase fiber intake, report any episodes of vomiting, and consider lithotripsy. Recommend a low fiber diet, monitor for fevers and increased abdominal girth. Report episodes of vomiting and severe abdominal pain, and limit alcohol consumption. Monitor for increased pruritus and jaundice; consider the use of analgesic medications prophylactically.
Recommend a low fiber diet, monitor for fevers and increased abdominal girth. Explanation: The patient with gallbladder disease resulting from gallstones may develop two types of symptoms: those with disease to the gallbladder itself and those due to obstruction of the bile passages. The symptoms may be acute or chronic. Epigastric distress such as fullness, abdominal distention, and vague pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen may occur. Those at high risk may be encouraged to maintain an optimal body weight and consider reducing modifiable risk factors by avoiding consumption of sugar and sweet foods and maitaining a low fiber diet. If the gallstone obstructs the cystic duct the gallbladder becomes distended inflamed and eventually infected which results in acute cholecystitis. The patient develops a fever and may have a palpable abdominal mass. The pain of a acute cystitis may be so severe that analgesic medications are required but should not be given prophylactically which could mask a worsening condition. Jaundice occurs in a few patients with gallbladder disease usually with obstruction of the common bile duct which is frequently accompanied by pruritus (itching) of the skin. Lithotripsy is the use of shock waves to disintegrate gallstones and is a surgical procedure.
A client with gallstones is diagnosed with acute pancreatitis and is requesting information about the physiology of the gallbladder. Which information will the nurse include about the function of this organ? Serves as a storage unit for glucagon Digests carbohydrates in the jejunum Releases bile in response to cholecystokinin Controls the flow of trypsin to digest proteins
Releases bile in response to cholecystokinin Explanation: The gallbladder is a pear-shaped, hollow, saclike organ that lies in a shallow depression on the inferior surface of the liver. When food enters the duodenum, the gallbladder contracts and the sphincter of Oddi relaxes. Relaxation of this sphincter allows the bile to enter the intestine. This response is mediated by secretion of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) from the intestinal wall. Gallstones can block the bile duct and digestive juices to the pancreas causing acute pancreatitis. The gallbladder functions as a storage depot for bile. Bile does not digest carbohydrates in the jejunum. The liver controls the flow of trypsin to digest proteins.
A client is admitted to the health care facility with abdominal pain, a low-grade fever, abdominal distention, and weight loss. The physician diagnoses acute pancreatitis. What is the primary goal of nursing care for this client? Relieving abdominal pain Preventing fluid volume overload Maintaining adequate nutritional status Teaching about the disease and its treatment
Relieving abdominal pain Explanation: The predominant clinical feature of acute pancreatitis is abdominal pain, which usually reaches peak intensity several hours after onset of the illness. Therefore, relieving abdominal pain is the nurse's primary goal. Because acute pancreatitis causes nausea and vomiting, the nurse should try to prevent fluid volume deficit, not overload. The nurse can't help the client achieve adequate nutrition or understand the disease and its treatment until the client is comfortable and no longer in pain.
A client being treated for pancreatitis faces the risk of atelectasis. Which of the following interventions would be important to implement to minimize this risk? Monitor pulse oximetry every hour. Withhold oral feedings for the client. Instruct the client to avoid coughing. Reposition the client every 2 hours.
Reposition the client every 2 hours. Explanation: Repositioning the client every 2 hours minimizes the risk of atelectasis in a client who is being treated for pancreatitis. The client should be instructed to cough every 2 hours to reduce atelectasis. Monitoring the pulse oximetry helps show changes in respiratory status and promote early intervention, but it would do little to minimize the risk of atelectasis. Withholding oral feedings limits the reflux of bile and duodenal contents into the pancreatic duct.
A client with pancreatitis is admitted to the medical intensive care unit. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate? Providing generous servings at mealtime Reserving a site for a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) Providing the client with plenty of P.O. fluids Limiting I.V. fluid intake according to the physician's order
Reserving a site for a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) Explanation: Pancreatitis treatment typically involves resting the GI tract by maintaining nothing-by-mouth status. The nurse should reserve a site for placement of a PICC, which enables the client to receive long-term total parenteral nutrition. Clients in the acute stages of pancreatitis also require large volumes of I.V. fluids to compensate for fluid loss.
A client recovers from an episode of gallbladder inflammation and the client's diet is advanced from a low-fat liquid diet. Which meals will the nurse recommend to the client? Select all that apply. Roasted chicken, mashed potatoes, and green beans. Marinated lean steak, steamed rice, and roasted zucchini. Oatmeal with a cooked fruit compote and hot tea. Egg salad sandwich with low fat mayonnaise and a side salad with ranch dressing. Vegetable lasagna, bread sticks, and steamed broccoli.
Roasted chicken, mashed potatoes, and green beans. Marinated lean steak, steamed rice, and roasted zucchini. Oatmeal with a cooked fruit compote and hot tea. Explanation: Many individuals recover from an acute attack of gallbladder inflammation. After tolerating a low-fat liquid diet, the diet is usually advanced to allow cooked fruits, rice or tapioca, lean meats, mashed potatoes, and non-gas-forming vegetables. Bread, coffee, or tea may be added as tolerated. The client should avoid eggs, fatty dressings or mayonnaise, cheese, or gas-forming vegetables.
A nurse is teaching a client about the cause of acute pancreatitis. The nurse evaluates the teaching as effective when the client correctly identifies which condition as a cause of acute pancreatitis? Fibrosis and atrophy of the pancreatic gland Calcification of the pancreatic duct, leading to its blockage Self-digestion of the pancreas by its own proteolytic enzymes Use of loop diuretics to increase the incidence of pancreatitis
Self-digestion of the pancreas by its own proteolytic enzymes Explanation: Self-digestion of the pancreas by its own proteolytic enzymes, principally trypsin, causes acute pancreatitis. Of clients with acute pancreatitis, 80% had undiagnosed chronic pancreatitis. Gallstones enter the common bile duct and lodge at the ampulla of Vater, obstructing the flow of pancreatic juice or causing a reflux of bile from the common bile duct into the pancreatic duct, thus activating the powerful enzymes within the pancreas. Normally, these remain in an inactive form until the pancreatic secretions reach the lumen of the duodenum. Activation of the enzymes can lead to vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, necrosis, erosion, and hemorrhage.
A client is demonstrating symptoms of pancreatic cancer. Which diagnostic test will the nurse expect to be prescribed to prepare the client for surgery? Spiral computed tomography (CT) scan Endoscopic ultrasound Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram
Spiral computed tomography (CT) scan Explanation: Spiral (helical) computed tomography (CT) is more than 85% to 90% accurate in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer and currently is the most useful preoperative imaging technique. Endoscopic ultrasound is useful to identify small tumors and perform fine-needle biopsy of primary tumors or lymph nodes. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography may be used to identify obstructions of the biliary tract by a pancreatic tumor. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) may also be used in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Cells obtained during ERCP are sent to the laboratory for analysis.
A patient with acute pancreatitis puts the call bell on to tell the nurse about an increase in pain. The nurse observes the patient guarding; the abdomen is board-like and no bowel sounds are detected. What is the major concern for this patient? The patient requires more pain medication. The patient is developing a paralytic ileus. The patient has developed peritonitis. The patient has developed renal failure.
The patient has developed peritonitis. Explanation: Abdominal guarding is present. A rigid or board-like abdomen may develop and is generally an ominous sign, usually indicating peritonitis (Privette et al., 2011).
The nurse is caring for a patient with acute pancreatitis. The patient has an order for an anticholinergic medication. The nurse explains that the patient will be receiving that medication for what reason? To decrease metabolism To depress the central nervous system and increase the pain threshold To reduce gastric and pancreatic secretions To relieve nausea and vomiting
To reduce gastric and pancreatic secretions Explanation: Anticholinergic medications reduce gastric and pancreatic secretion.
A patient is admitted to the hospital with possible cholelithiasis. What diagnostic test of choice will the nurse prepare the patient for? X-ray Oral cholecystography Cholecystography Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography Explanation: Ultrasonography has replaced cholecystography (discussed later) as the diagnostic procedure of choice because it is rapid and accurate and can be used in patients with liver dysfunction and jaundice. It does not expose patients to ionizing radiation.
A client with chronic pancreatitis is treated for uncontrolled pain. Which complication does the nurse recognize is most common in the client with chronic pancreatitis? Weight loss Diarrhea Fatigue Hypertension
Weight loss Explanation: Weight loss is most common in the client with chronic pancreatitis due to decreased dietary intake secondary to anorexia or fear that eating will precipitate another attack. The other answer choices are not the most common complications related to chronic pancreatitis.
A nurse is caring for a client admitted with acute pancreatitis. Which nursing action is most appropriate for a client with this diagnosis? Withholding all oral intake, as ordered, to decrease pancreatic secretions Administering meperidine, as ordered, to relieve severe pain Limiting I.V. fluids, as ordered, to decrease cardiac workload Keeping the client supine to increase comfort
Withholding all oral intake, as ordered, to decrease pancreatic secretions Explanation: The nurse should withhold all oral intake to suppress pancreatic secretions, which may worsen pancreatitis. Pain relief may require parenteral opioids such as morphine, fentanyl (Sublimaze), or hydromorphone (Dilaudid). No clinical evidence supports the use of meperidine for pain relief in pancreatitis, and, in fact, accumulation of its metabolites can cause CNS irritability and possibly seizures. Pancreatitis places the client at risk for fluid volume deficit from fluid loss caused by increased capillary permeability. Therefore, this client needs fluid resuscitation, not fluid restriction. A client with pancreatitis is most comfortable lying on the side with knees flexed.
The digestion of carbohydrates is aided by lipase. amylase. trypsin. secretin.
amylase. Explanation: Amylase is secreted by the exocrine pancreas. Lipase aids in the digestion of fats. Trypsin aids in the digestion of proteins. Secretin is the major stimulus for increased bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.
Total parental nutrition (TPN) should be used cautiously in clients with pancreatitis because such clients: cannot tolerate high-glucose concentration. are at risk for gallbladder contraction. are at risk for hepatic encephalopathy. can digest high-fat foods.
cannot tolerate high-glucose concentration. Explanation: Total parental nutrition (TPN) is used carefully in clients with pancreatitis because some clients cannot tolerate a high-glucose concentration even with insulin coverage. Intake of coffee increases the risk for gallbladder contraction, whereas intake of high protein increases risk for hepatic encephalopathy in clients with cirrhosis. Patients with pancreatitis should not be given high-fat foods because they are difficult to digest.
A preoperative client scheduled to have an open cholecystectomy says to the nurse, "The doctor said that after surgery, I will have a tube in my nose that goes into my stomach. Why do I need that?" What most common reason for a client having a nasogastric tube in place after abdominal surgery should the nurse include in a response? decompression instillation gavage lavage
decompression Explanation: Negative pressure exerted through a tube inserted in the stomach removes secretions and gaseous substances from the stomach, preventing abdominal distention, nausea, and vomiting. Instillations in a nasogastric tube after surgery are done when necessary to promote patency; this is not the most common purpose of a nasogastric tube after surgery. Gavage is contraindicated after abdominal surgery until peristalsis returns. Lavage after surgery may be done to promote hemostasis in the presence of gastric bleeding, but this is not the most common purpose of a nasogastric tube after surgery.