chapter 5
an enzyme speeds up reactions by lowering the
activation energy
an enzyme is specific because the shape of its ______matches only particular reactants.
active site
The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from ATP to move sodium ions out of the cell, and potassium ions into the cell. This is an example of
active transport.
What cannot pass directly through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane?
Charged atoms and molecules (ions)
Lactase is essential for digesting lactose in milk. This enzyme is specific for this sugar. Why?
There is a precise compatibility between the active site and the lactose molecule.
Energy can be classified as either potential or kinetic. Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?
a running child
Which of these is exhibiting kinetic energy?
a space station orbiting Earth
Our cells require glucose to produce energy. Consider a cell where the external concentration of glucose has dropped to 5%, but the internal concentration is at 20%. How does the cell obtain more glucose?
active transport
An enzyme is considered a(n)____ because it speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.
catalyst
In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
cellular respiration
During enzymatic reactions, substrates are converted to products. A property of enzymes that facilitates this reaction is that they are catalysts and therefore _____.
change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
A(n)_____, which is often a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis.
coenzyme
high temperatures or changes in pH can _____ an enzyme, causing it to lose its shape and biological activity.
denature
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called _____.
diffusion
The plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. This describes the process of
endocytosis.
"Conservation of energy" refers to the fact that _____.
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
Through an _____ reaction, ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP by _____ and _____ energy.
exergonic ... losing a phosphate group ... releasing
A molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane. This is an example of
facilitated diffusion.
When water moves toward the solution with the _____ solute concentration, the solution is _____.
greater ... hypertonic
Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?
heat, carbon dioxide, and water
In oil-based liquids, phospholipids are arranged so that their _____ face outward and their _____ are orientated inward.
hydrophobic tails ... hydrophilic heads
This cell is in a(n) _____ solution.
hypertonic
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because it _____.
hypertonic solution ... lost water
You know that this cell is in a(n) _____ solution because the cell _____.
hypotonic ... swelled
the ______between an active site and its substrate often strains bonds and helps the reaction proceed.
induced fit
An enzyme _____.
is an organic catalyst
As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme _____.
is unchanged
what can Charged atoms and molecules (ions) pass through?
membrane transport proteins.
In active transport,
molecules move across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient.
What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?
osmosis
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. Which of the following can pass freely through the membrane with no assistance?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.
potential
Reactions can be exergonic or endergonic. Which of these reactions is endergonic?
protein synthesis
Enzymes are _____.
proteins
Enzymes work by _____.
reducing EA
In a catalyed reaction, a reactant is often called a(n)
substrate
What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?
substrate
Water crosses the plasma membrane
through facilitated diffusion or diffusion.