Chapter 5 - Abnormal Psych
Nervios, chronic anxiety-like symptoms, encompasses which of the following symptoms? (Select all that apply.)
-stomach problems -absent-mindedness -presence of intrusive worries
Which of the following can trigger PTSD or acute stress disorder? (Select all that apply.)
-terrorist attack -serious car accident -seeing someone die
Jamel was an EMT for many years before he became a teacher a year ago. During his time as an EMT, he responded to a number of situations in which serious accidents had happened to people. At the time, he was not seriously affected by this, but recently, he has started to have nightmares and flashbacks of accidents. Jamel may be experiencing _____. acute stress disorder
PTSD
Minerva was hit by a car that was turning the corner. Although Minerva was not seriously injured, she cannot now be near the location of the accident. She continues to have flashbacks of the accident. The accident appears to have triggered _____.
PTSD
Which of the following explanations is Freud's contribution to the cause of phobias?
Phobias result when unconscious anxiety is displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object.
Susannah pulls her hair out when she gets distressed. She does it when no one is around, then tries to cover it up with the rest of her hair and with hats. Susannah has _____.
trichotillomania
Hermione has a severe fear of snakes. According to Freud, her phobia is caused by _____.
unconscious anxiety that is displaced onto a neutral or symbolic object
Behavioral therapies for phobias _____.
use exposure to the feared stimulus
Which of the following objects did Little Albert come to fear in the famous Watson and Raynor study?
white rat
People with agoraphobia reach a point at which they _____.
will not leave their homes
A specific DSM-5 disorder in which people show emotional attachments to their possessions is called ______.
hoarding
Fear becomes maladaptive when _____,
it is greatly out of proportion to the nature of the threat
fear can become an anxiety disorder when one responds with ____________ in response to a threat
maladaptive behaviors
People with GAD report experiencing ______, even when compared to people with major depression.
more intense negative emotions
By avoiding the feared stimulus that causes a phobia, the individual's anxiety is reduced. This behavior is perpetuated because of _____.
negative reinforcement
Cassandra has a spider phobia. Every time she sees a spider, she screams and runs away from it. This avoidance behavior always occurs because it reduces her anxiety. This is an example of _____.
negative reinforcement
A chronic anxiety-like disorder common to Latino communities, particularly among the poor and uneducated, is known as _____.
nervios
Although Miranda has never seen a spider, she witnessed her mother running away and yelling, "Kill that spider." Now Miranda has a phobia of spiders that likely developed through _____.
observational learning
If a phobia develops as a result of a child seeing a parent demonstrate severe fear of an object, the child may develop a phobia as a result of _____.
observational learning
A(n) ____________ is a persistent and anxiety-provoking thought, urge, or image that an individual experiences as intrusive or unwanted.
obsession
While driving on a dark road, Zack begins to feel physical discomfort, intense feelings of being overwhelmed, and shortness of breath. Zack is experiencing a(n) ____________ attack
panic
What is the term used to describe an irrational fear associated with a particular object or situation?
phobia
When Nick sees a spider, he becomes paralyzed with fear. This is an example of a(n) ______.
phobia
what two types of responses are activated during the fight-or-flight response
physical and psychological responses
Which hormone may be a contributing factor in the development of panic disorder?
progesterone
Franklin often refuses to attend school. He worries that something will happen to his mother if he is not at home. He often feigns sickness so he does not have to attend school. Franklin may be experiencing _____.
separation anxiety disorder
Matilda becomes very concerned whenever her mother is out of her sight. She continually searches for her and often cries until her mother returns. Matilda may be experiencing _____.
separation anxiety disorder
People with panic disorder _____.
show dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in the locus ceruleus
Biological theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder focus on regions in the brain responsible for all of the following except
sight
Conroy constantly rips off scabs on his body, often causing infections and scars. Conroy is probably suffering from _____.
skin-picking disorder
People with ______ disorder pick at scabs, often creating significant lesions that become infected and cause scars.
skin-picking disorder
Which of the following are the most common objects of animal-type phobias?
snakes and spiders
_____________ ____________ disorder is when an individual has anxiety, feelings of humiliation, and other anxiety-provoking behaviors about being watched by other people.
social anxiety
____ occurs when an individual experiences extreme anxiety, feelings of humiliation, and other anxiety-provoking behaviors because they think they are being watched by other people.
social anxiety disorder
A ___________ phobia is when an individual experiences intense and marked fear of a particular object or situation.
specific
John is obsessed with and afraid of snakes to the point he will not go out in the garden, will not go hiking with friends, and has others check his car before he gets into it. This is causing him a great deal of distress. What would be his best diagnosis?
specific phobia
acute
stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop when an individual is exposed to the threat of death, to actual or threatened serious injury, or sexual violation.
When clients with PTSD cannot tolerate exposure to the traumatic experience, what form of treatment may be warranted?
stress-inoculation therapy
A disadvantage to the drug therapy approach for social phobia is that _____.
symptoms tend to return after stopping treatment
The two systems activated during the fight-or-flight response are ______.
the autonomic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system
Marcus witnessed the death of his best friend in a diving accident. According to the DSM-5, Marcus experienced _____.
trauma
A disorder in which people pull their hair out is called _____.
trichotillomania
Which of the following are components of CBT in treating separation anxiety disorder?
-self-talk -relaxation exercises -challenging cognitions that feed their anxiety
Which of the following are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?
-restlessness -fatigue -muscle tension
According to the DSM-5, a trauma is constrained to which of the following events? (Select all that apply.)
-sexual violation -death -serious injury
Which of the following are examples of a maladaptive assumption?
-"I must anticipate and prepare myself at all times for possible danger" -"I must be perfect in every way" -"I always expect the worst will happen"
In hoarding, people show which of the following characteristics?
-Equating their possessions with their identity -Imbuing their possessions with human characteristics -Being attached emotionally to their possessions
Which of the following statements are true about the biological factors that contribute to separation anxiety disorder?
-Girls, more than boys, tend to be at greater risk for inheriting anxiety disorders. -Children inherit a trait called behavioral inhibition. -Children with separation anxiety disorder tend to have family histories of anxiety and depressive disorders.
Which of the following statements are true about the cognitive explanation of social anxiety disorder?
-Individuals with social anxiety disorder have excessively high standards for their social performance. -Individuals with social anxiety disorder focus on negative aspects of social interactions. -Individuals with social anxiety disorder tend to notice potentially threatening social cues and misinterpret them in self-defeating ways.
Which of the following are areas on which cognitive-behavioral therapies for body dysmorphic disorder focus?
-Preventing compulsive responses to those "defective" body parts -Challenging clients' maladaptive assumption -Exposing clients to feared situations concerning their bodies
Which of the following are DSM-5 criteria for specific phobias?
-The phobic object or situation almost always provokes immediate fear or anxiety. -The phobic object or situation is actively avoided or endured with marked fear or anxiety. -The fear or anxiety is persistent, typically lasting 6 or more months.
Which of the following people are at greater risk for PTSD?
-Those who are already experiencing depression before the trauma -Those who have poor interpersonal relations before the trauma -Those who are already experiencing anxiety before the trauma
Zack has a recurrent thought about the need to clean out the refrigerator. Zack's persistent thought or urge may be classified as _______.
-an obsession -unreasonable -irrational
According to the cognitive perspective, people with social anxiety disorder engage in which of the following safety behaviors to reduce their anxiety?
-avoid eye contact -avoid social situations
According to the DSM-5, an individual meets diagnostic criteria for trauma in which of the following circumstances? Select all that apply.
-directly experience the trauma -witness the trauma -know someone close to them who experience the trauma
Which of the following environmental and social factors place an individual at risk for PTSD? (Select all that apply.)
-duration of the trauma -severity of the trauma -availability of social support
Which of the following statements is true about acute stress disorder?
-feeling detached from one's body can occur -reduced awareness of surrounding can occur -dissociative symptoms are common
Which of the following symptoms are part of the syndrome know as ataque de nervios? (Select all that apply.)
-loss of consciousness -the person lies as if dead -sensation of needles in body parts
Which of the following are basic components of behavior therapy for phobias?
-modeling -flooding -systematic desensitization
People with agoraphobia often fear which of the following?
-public transportation -crowded places -open spaces
In systematic desensitization for PTSD, the client does which of the following?
-uses relaxation techniques to quell the anxiety -imagines the traumatic event vividly to replace the actual exposure -establishes a fear hierarchy of thoughts and feelings that create anxiety regarding the trauma
In the two world wars and the Korean War, PTSD symptoms were know as _____. (Select all that apply.)
-war zone stress -shell shock -combat fatigue syndrome
Approximately what percentage of adults over age 65 experience an anxiety disorder?
15%
Anderson was on the fifth floor of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, when the towers were hit by terrorist-directed airplanes. Maximilian was watching the tragedy on TV in his home in Norwich, Connecticut. As a result of the tragedy, Anderson developed PTSD; Maximilian did not. The explanation for this is _____.
Anderson's close proximity to the event
Who is more likely to develop PTSD?
Chantelle, an African American females who lives in a metropolitan area
Which of the following individuals is most likely to seek out treatment for PTSD?
John, a 43-year-old Caucasian American male
Which individual is most likely to develop PTSD?
Robert, who avoids problems by drinking heavily
Biological treatments for social anxiety disorder include which of the following drugs?
SSRI's and SNRI's
True or false: PTSD has been around for many years under different names; however, it has only become widely recognized after the Vietnam War.
True
Whenever Robert faces difficult issues that cause anxiety he begins to drink to the point of inebriation. This makes him vulnerable for developing PTSD because of his _____.
avoidant coping strategy
Children with separation anxiety disorder may inherit a trait called _____.
behavioral inhibition
When someone experiences periods of intense physical discomfort that may also include respiratory distress, they are likely experiencing which of the following?
a panic attack
____________ stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop when an individual is exposed to the threat of death, to actual or threatened serious injury, or sexual violation.
acute
In ____________ __________ disorder, symptoms caused by traumas arise within 1 month of exposure and last no longer than 4 weeks.
acute stress
Sherry was walking home one evening when she was mugged. Several weeks later, she began having flashbacks of the mugging and refused to walk down that street. Fortunately, these symptoms lasted only about 3weeks. Sherry appears to have been suffering from _____.
acute stress disorder
When people are exposed to the threat of death, actual or threatened serious injury, or sexual violation, they are at risk of developing _____.
acute stress disorder
______ is diagnosed when symptoms arise within 1 month of exposure to a stressor and last no longer than 1 month.
acute stress disorder
Laurie feels intense fear and anxiety every time she needs to leaves her apartment. Laurie takes all precautions so she only has to leave her apartment once or twice a month. Laurie may have which of the following disorders?
agoraphobia
______________ is the experience of intense fear about something outside of the home.
agoraphobia
fear becomes ____________ when it persists long after the threat has subsided
anxiety
Fear can result in a(n) _____ when a person engages in maladaptive behaviors in response to a threat.
anxiety disorder
An example of culture influencing the manifestation of anxiety is found in the syndrome known as _____.
ataque de nervios
the _____________ perspectives for OCD suggest there may be abnormalities in the frontal cortex that contribute to the symptoms.
biological
to help gain control of their bodily cues, a client may want to use _____________ and ___________ exercises while experiencing panic symptoms
breathing and relaxation
The therapist challenges clients' _____ thoughts about their bodily sensations and teaches them to challenge these thoughts themselves using cognitive techniques.
catastrophizing
most phobias develop during _________
childhood
When using ___________ ___________ therapy, clients learn how to recognize anxious thoughts and develop coping strategies.
cognitive behavioral
Which type of therapy is helpful in reducing catastrophic thinking associated with GAD?
cognitive behavioral therapy
Angelica suffers from separation anxiety. She has learned to relax when briefly separated from her parents. Gradually, the number and duration of separations increase. This is an example of _____.
cognitive-behavioral therapy
When individuals avoid places that cause panic attacks, they reduce their symptoms, thereby reinforcing this behavior. This is called _____.
conditioned avoidance behavior
Shania had a panic attack while sitting in a movie theater. Since then, she becomes anxious whenever she is in that part of the mall that houses the theater. She started to avoid going to the theater or anywhere near it. Shania is engaging in _____.
conditioned avoidance response
Watson and Raynor did a historic study in which they _____.
conditioned fear using classical conditioning techniques
People's style of ___________ with a trauma may influence their vulnerability to PTSD.
coping
Experiences of feeling detached from one's mental processes or body is called _____.
depersonalization
Mackenzie felt herself leaving her body and observing her body playing with her cat. Mackenzie may be experiencing _____.
depersonalization
social anxiety
disorder is when an individual has anxiety, feelings of humiliation, and other anxiety-provoking behaviors about being watched by other people.
One of the therapeutic techniques that is used for body dysmorphic disorder is _____.
exposure and response prevention
Allison is starting a new job and is feeling scared and extremely uncertain about her performance. This unpleasant feeling is referred to as _______.
fear
anxiety disorder occurs when people feel anxious most of the time without knowing why they feel anxious.
generalized
Shakira was walking in the woods when she spotted a snake in her path. She became startled and immediately turned around and avoided the snake. Shakira probably _____.
has no phobia. her response does not meet the criteria of specific phobia
