Chapter 5: Consciousness --> Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological inquiry
Marion has been overweight since he was a teenager and has been diagnosed with sleep apnea. What is the first recommendation that Marion's doctor is most likely to help treat the sleep apnea?
Change his eating and exercise habits to promote weight loss
What is the biggest difference between the different stages of sleep cycle?
Changes in brain-wave activity
A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ____________ rhythm.
Circadian
Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n) _______ rhythm.
Circadian
Professor Schultz teaches an afternoon section of general psychology from 2-4 pm. He can't figure out why, out of all of his classes, these students are the least responsive. These changes in alertness are under control of what area of the brain?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is known as the brain's biological clock. The SCN makes us feel drowsy at times.
Sleep research has continually shown that children spend more of their night getting deep sleep than do adults. This deep sleep corresponds to what stage(s) of sleep?
Stages 3 and 4.
Not everyone can claim to have had an out-of-body experience. What is one important factor that is associated with a self-reported out-of-body experience?
Strange body experiences in every day life
Circadian rhythms are controlled by the _____________.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Which of the following may contribute to insomnia? A.) Soft music playing B.) The air conditioner C.) The clock on the wall D.) The fatigue you are feeling
the clock on the wall
Which of the following drugs is categorized as a depressant? A.) Cocaine B.) LSD C.) Alcohol D.) Marijuana
Alcohol
Crystal is trying to study for her biology final tomorrow. She is exhausted but she knows that she has to pass that test. What drug is he most likely to turn to?
Amphetamines Amphetamines are stimulants are used for post fatigue, elevate mood while performing an unpleasant task, cram for a test, or experience well-being.
Which of the following statements is true concerning cocaine use in the US? A.) During the Civil War, many Confederate soldiers bought cocaine from Union soldiers. B.) At one time, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-Cola. C.) Cocaine was used by early Greek philosophers. D.) One of the most powerful addictive ingredients in cocaine is heroin.
At one time, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-Cola.
For several years around 1900, many health professionals and psychologists advocated the use of __________. Sigmund Freud even used it to improve his mood.
Cocaine
Unemployed people are at relatively high risk for alcohol abuse, and may use alcohol to cope with being out of work. The reverse may also be true, however, and the use of alcohol may be responsible for people losing their jobs. This uncertainty of the direction of relationship between variable demonstrates which principle of thinking?
Correlation vs. causation
What general category of drugs is used in controlling pain?
Depressants and sedative-hypnotics
What theory of hypnosis would be best able to account for research findings that suggest an individual can be consciously telling a researcher that placing one's hand over cold water isn't painful while consciously tapping a button that indicates they aren't experiencing any pain?
Disassociation theory The disassociation theory of hypnosis suggests result in separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated.
MDMA, or methylenedioxymethamphetamine, is the chemical name for which popular street drug?
Ecstasy
Jared is attending a comedy hypnosis show with his girlfriend, and he agrees to come up on stage and be hypnotized by the performer. While he is in a trance, he is given an instruction to flap his arms like a chicken and grunt like a gorilla as he runs through the crowd. Because Jared is usually rather a quiet and laid back person, what do you think he is most likely to happen once he wakes up from his trance?
He is most likely going to go back to his seat quietly, since hypnosis cannot make us do things that we are not willing to do in our regular lives.
You just found out that your friend Willard is using crystal meth. What is your number one concern?
He will overdose.
There is a famous quote from Titanic that says "I am king of the world!" What drug produces the same feeling?
Heroin Heroin is a powerful narcotic and produces a sense of euphoria that lasts 3-4 hours.
How does Ernest Hilgard explain reduction through hypnosis?
Hypnotized individuals disassociate the experience so part of the mind is unaware of the pain.
What drug was once investigated for use as a possible mind control device by the CIA in the US?
LSD
With the use of even the tiniest amount of which of the following drug would a person experience extreme changes in perception and consciousness?
LSD
Franky is at the fair. He is inside the house of mirrors. Which drug might duplicate the image he is seeing?
LSD LSD can produce hallucinations and flashbacks.
The use of _________________ represents the most commonly abused illegal drug in the United States.
Marijuana
What is the most frequent used illegal drug in the US?
Marijuana
Which of the following pairs belong together? A.) Marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol B.) Marijuana; psilocybin C.) Marijuana; acetylcholine D.) MDMA; acetylcholine
Marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol
The sleep disorder _______ would be most problematic for a taxi driver to be diagnosed with.
Narcolepsy
The _________ theory of dreaming might suggest that your dog, Barker, dreams about his favorite bone.
Neurocognitive
The _____________ perspective on dreaming says that the complexity of our dreams is directly related to one's mental abilities and capacities.
Neurocognitive
The critical thinking principle of _________ requires that claims of near-death experiences should be interpreted as psychological changes within a dying brain rather than an altered state of consciousness.
Occam's Razor
LSD is similar to which of the following drugs? A.) CHT B.) Methadone C.) PCP D.) Heroin
PCP
You meet a psychologist who says she views hypnosis from social-cognitive perspective. Which of the following is the best description of what her view of hypnosis would be? A.) There is no hypnotized role person role; hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. B.) The hypnotized role person role is only played when people who have been hypnotized are in a social setting. C.) People play the role of a hypnotized person; hypnosis is an altered state of conscious. D.) People play the role of a hypnotized person; hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness.
People play the role of a hypnotized person; hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness.
Which of the following people is least likely to become addictive to the opiate drug he or she is using? A.) Demetria, using heroine to avoid withdrawal symptoms B) Phyllis, using morphine to help control her pain level after surgery C.) Trevor, using OxyContin to experience euphoria D.) Xavier, using narcotics to forget problems in his life
Phyllis, using morphine to help control her pain level after surgery
What drug could also be labeled as a hallucinogen? A.) Depressants B.) Narcotics C.) Psychedelics D.) Stimulants
Psychedelics
__________ drugs alter our conscious experience by altering the chemical processes in neurons.
Psychoactive
Vivid dreams are most likely to be experienced during _______sleep.
Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
The positive effects that have been noted when using hypnosis have been explained in a number of ways. One suggestion is that the relaxed state that accompanies a "hypnotic trance" is uniquely responsible for all of the effects. This reminds us of which principle of critical thinking from your book?
Ruling out rival hypotheses In this case, it is important to consider multiple explanations for the positive effects of hypnosis. Another possible hypothesis is the placebo effect.
If one is experiencing difficulty of sleeping, like with insomnia, he or she may go to their family doctor. What type of drug is the doctor most likely to prescribe to assist the person in falling asleep?
Sedative-hypnotics
What theory of hypnosis posits that individuals who are highly suggestible are simply responding to walking imaginative suggestions?
Sociocognitive theory
Which theory of hypnosis argues that hypnosis is not an altered or unique state of consciousness?
Sociocognitive theory
Which class of psychoactive drug works by increasing activity within the nervous system?
Stimulants
Which of the following general statements best expresses your author's view of the general public's knowledge and understanding of hypnosis? A.) The general public, as well as the scientific community, believes that hypnosis is a true altered state of conscious. B.) The general public is not well informed about the scientific developments regarding hypnosis. C.) The general public is well informed about the scientific developments regarding hypnosis. D.)The general public recognizes and understands the limitations of hypnosis as memory recall technique.
The general public is not well informed about the scientific developments regarding hypnosis.
______________ occurs when people require larger amounts of a drug to experience the same effects experienced during their initial usage.
Tolerance
"I don't know what's wrong with me," says Lucy. "It used to take a couple of drinks to get me 'going' but now it takes me four to five". What is Lucy exhibiting?
Tolerance Tolerance means that over time a user requires more and more of a drug to experience the same "high".
Although the use would be illegal, who might benefit from cocaine using in short term? A.) Ullie, who is depressed B.) Kellan, who is schizophrenic C) Kira, who is narcisstic D.) Mindy, who is paranoid
Ullie, who is depressed Cocaine is a stimulant, which produces short bouts of euphoria and indifference to pain. Even though cocaine might make Ullie feel better for a short time, this is very ill-advised treatment for depression symptoms
What does research evidence suggest about the relationship between hypnosis and sleep states?
When people are hypnotized, it is a state that is entirely different from sleep.
After taking a drug for several years, Bruce decides to quit taking the drug. He begins to experience a variety of physical symptoms, psychological symptoms such as irritability, and a strong craving for the substance. What term is used to describe what Bruce is experiencing?
Withdrawal Withdrawal occurs when one stops using a drug and is characterized by irritability, nausea, and other symptoms.
The ______________ theory focuses entirely on the biological underpinnings of dreams.
activation-synthesis
Your textbook authors identified __________ as the most widely used and abused drug.
alcohol
Behaviors such as flirting while using alcohol result primarily from ____________.
an individual's expectancies about the effects of alcohol Research has shown that even people without real alcohol in their system will behave as if they are intoxicated when they believe that they had alcohol to drink.
Psychoative drugs are drugs that _______________.
are similar to those found naturally in our brains
Many narcoleptic individuals experience a complete loss of muscle tone, which can cause them to become limp as a rag doll. This phenomenon is called ____________.
cataplexy
Marijuana is often referred to as a mild hallucinogenic drug and differs from other hallucinogen that it may also ___________.
cause people to become quiet and introspective
The daily release of hormones, such as testosterone or estrogen, as well as the regulation of one's body temperature are under the control of our _______________.
circadian rhythm
The most powerful natural stimulant is __________.
cocaine
One's awareness of both the external and internal environments is what psychologists refer to as _______.
consciousness
Chavonne has recently ingested a large dose of popular designer drug. The drug is causing her to experience an enhanced state of well-being and self-confidence, and she is feeling highly empathetic toward others at the rave that she attended. The drug she has most likely taken is ______________.
ecstasy
The thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and experiences that occur during age regression or past life are ___________.
educated guesses
Researchers who are dubious of Hilgard's and others' claims of a "hidden observer" have documented that changing the instructions given to persons make the observer either more or less likely to appear. This has led Irving Kirsh, Steven Jay Lynn, and others to rename the "hidden observer" the ______________.
flexible observer
At its most basic level, ____________ is an exercise in suggestion.
hypnosis Most research into hypnosis has found that it is highly related to a person's level of suggestibility.
As we proceed through the sleep cycle during the night, the amount of time one spends in REM sleep _________.
increases
The most commonly experienced sleeping disorder is ________________.
insomnia
The most commonly reported sleeping problem is ________.
insomnia
As he sleeps, Chauncey begins dreaming. In his dream , he shows up late in his Introductory Psychology final. As he enters the room, Chauncey realizes he is dreaming and subsequently directs himself to approach the teachers to discuss why he is late for the final. This is an example of ___________.
lucid dreaming
Morphine is classified as _____________because it relieves pain and induces sleep.
narcotic
Drugs derived from opium are called _____________.
narcotics
The sleep disorder(s) most likely to be diagnosed during childhood is/are ________.
night terror and sleep walking
Claims of consciousness outside the body during an out-of-body experience (OBE) are ____________ by controlled empirical research.
not supported
The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is an indication of ______________.
physical dependence
Both infrequent and habitual use of ____________ may cause users to experience distortions in visual, auditory, or any other modes of perception.
psychedelics
Ward notices that as his supply of marijuana decreases he starts thinking more and more about where he can get another supply as well as feeling nervous or anxious. This is an example of _____________.
psychological dependence
Which of the following has research found hypnosis to be effective at treating or helping to treat? A.) Reducing depression B.) Recovering memories C.) Reducing habit disorders D.) Reducing insomnia
reducing habit disorders
Contrary to many popular opinions regarding hypnosis, people can ______________.
resist and oppose hypnosis at will
The ____________ theory rejects claims that hypnosis is true altered state of consciousness by demonstrated, through empirical research, that hypnotized behavior is largely a function of one's expectancies.
sociocognitive
Research documenting that hypnosis fails to make amazing or unusual things happen or that many hypnotic phenomena are not as unique as hypnotists would have an audience believe provides supportive evidence for the ____________ of hypnosis.
sociocognitive theory
In addition to having hallucinogenic properties, Ecstasy (MDMA) has the qualities of a ____________.
stimulant
Nicotine is classified as a ___________.
stimulant
Even though many assume that alcohol is a ____________, it is in fact primarily a(n) _________.
stimulant; drepressant
Using tobacco produces physiological changes, including reported increases in alertness as well as an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. It is most correct, therefore, to label tobacco as _____________.
stimulants
Audience members as hypnosis demonstrations are often amazed by seemingly extraordinary events. They seem to have failed to realize that the persons who are on stage demonstrating the power of hypnosis were selected for their _____________.
suggestibility
According to the activation-synthesis theory, the fact that our dream has any coherent story or focus is largely the result of _____________.
the forebrain
Research on age-regression and past life regression therapeutic techniques suggest that ____________.
they say more about the patient's beliefs than about any true healing properties
What is the best physiological explanation scientists have able to come up with to explain the experience of flashbacks after taking LSD?
to date, no physiological explanation has been discovered
Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get to the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ______________.
tolerance
Sleep spindles are a type of brain activity that are associated with stage ________ of the sleep cycle.
two of NREM-2
Clark is trying to cut back his consumption of caffeine. Within a couple of days of stopping drinking caffeine entirely, he experiences a headache and feels extremely fatigued. Clark is experiencing _____________.
withdrawal
Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy? A.) "I sometimes fall asleep into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation." B.) "I don't have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills." C.) "I have difficulty getting to sleep." D.) "When I get up in the morning, I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares."
"I sometimes fall asleep into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation."
A circadian rhythm is about _____ hours long.
24
The best adjective associated with activation-synthesis hypothesis are _______________.
Bizarre, meaningless, and random
Danny tells Janet that he has figured out the answer to his math problem while sleeping. She says that is impossible because dreams are just a random collection of images and have no purpose. Who is right?
Both Danny and Janet Dreams can be random but contain everyday preoccupation.
What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 stages of sleep?
Non-REM
When you feel drowsy late at night it is the result of activity occurring within you __________________.
hypothalamus
A client tells his therapist about a dream in which he drives his wife to the airport where she boards a plane. As the plane takes off, he is smiling. The therapist says that the dream suggests a desire for a divorce. The therapist's interpretation represents what Sigmund Freud called the dream's ___________.
latent content Latent (hidden) content refers to the meaning of the dreaming.
A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meanings of symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the _______________.
latent content The definition of latent is "hidden".
Interpretation of the ____________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the __________ content.
manifest; latent
Interest in understanding dreams can be traced back to __________.
many millenia
Having important life events replay quickly and being in a tunnel walking toward a bright light are common themes in ___________.
near-death experiences
The treatment for _____________ usually involves wearing a masklike device that forces air in the lungs during sleep.
sleep apnea
Which device would sleep researchers use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?
Electroencephalograph
It is tempting, based on anecdotal evidence, to believe that when we die we will be ushered into a utopian afterlife. After all, many who have had a near-death experience (NDEs) have claimed to "see" this paradise waiting for them. There is no scientific evidence, however, to support these claims. This reminds us of which principle of critical thinking?
Extraordinary claims Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, and in this case, the evidence is simply not there.
Enrico claims that deja vu is evidence of a memory from one's past life. This claim violates which principle of critical thinking?
Falsifiability Enrico is using anecdotal evidence that cannot be verified or falsified.
Geoff is reading the science section in the newspaper. He would be most skeptical about which of the following headlines? A.) Feeling bad? Angry? Dream your problems away B.) Gender differences in dream content found again C.) Researcher claims dreaming is not limited to deep sleep D.) Sight restored in dreams for man blinded in an accident.
Feeling bad? Angry? Dream your problems away Research has found that dreams tend to include more negative emotions than positive ones, and more misfortunes than good fortune. This contradicts the headline that dreaming can simply make bad feelings or negative emotions go away.
Research has highlighted the importance of what region of the brain in the process of dreaming?
Forebrain
Joaquin frequently experiences difficulty staying asleep through the night. He has no problem falling asleep initially, but recently he has experienced problems with waking up and then returning to sleep after receiving a new promotion at work approximately 3 weeks ago. Joaquin is most likely to be diagnosed as suffering from ________________.
Insomnia Insomnia is a sleeping disorder that can take several different forms, but generally interferes with the quality or duration of a person's sleep.
The difference between insomnia and sleep apnea is _______________.
Insomnia is characterized by sleepiness, whereas sleep apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties
Although he knows that it is wrong, Sean has a crush on his new stepmom. He dreams of the two of them running away together living happily ever after. What aspect of dreaming does this represent?
Wish fulfillment Freud believed our dreams were symbolic of how we wish things could be.
Which of the following statements about REM sleeping and dreaming is true? A.) Dreams involves aggressive feelings and actions are relatively rare. B.) Most dreams when we are younger contain more positive than negative emotions. C.) REM dreams are shorter and more repetitive than non-REM dreams. D.) Women's dream content contains more emotions than do men's.
Women's dream content contains more emotions than do men's.
Suzanne's son has been under a lot of stress at school. Last night while sleeping, he began screaming and shaking. What is her son experiencing?
a night terror
To help prevent rebound insomnia, you should ____________.
avoid extent use of sleeping pills
Our subjective experience of the world and ourselves is what psychologists refer to as ________________.
consciousness
Sleepwalking occurs most often during ________ sleep.
Stage 4
Also known as the brain's biological clock, the Suprachiasmatic nucleus has a mere ______________ neurons regulating our levels of drowsiness.
20,000
How many stages of sleep are there in human beings?
5
The human sleep cycle repeats itself approximately every _________.
90 min.
Even though sleep research suggests that most college students require approximately ______ hours of sleep nightly, they often only get __________ hours.
9:6
"First I walked down the street, then I was in psychology class taking notes, but the teacher was my dad, and then I was in my room playing video games with my professor. It was bizarre!" What theory of dreaming is being represented?
Activation-synthesis Activation-synthesis theory maintains that dreams reflect the activated brain's attempt to make sense of random neural signals during REM sleep.
What theoretical explanation of dreams explains dreaming as resulting from random neural transmission and interpretation?
Activation-synthesis theory
You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participants is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?
Alpha eventually replaced by theta.
Who is at most risk for causing an accident driving home? A.)Sven, who just flew from New York to Florida B.)Jess, who woke up early to take a final exam. C.)Amy, who just left her job as a night nurse. D.) Melissa, who had been taking antidepressants for 3 months.
Amy, who just left her job as a night nurse Late shifts can disrupt our biological clocks
Sleep researchers support "three helpful hints" to avoid insomnia. Which of the following statements is one of those helpful hints? A.) Make sure you have a clock near the bed so you will know when it is time to get up and stop trying to sleep B.) Sleep in a warm room to keep body temperature constant C.) Avoid napping during the day D.) Spend 20-30 minutes reading in bed before going to sleep to relax the mind
Avoid napping during the day
Which altered state of consciousness might be due to an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the temporal lobes of the cerebrum?
Deja vu experiences
What theorist, attempting to explain what dreams are all about, suggested that there are two levels content to each dream---manifest content and latent content?
Freud
Stage 5 sleep is often called paradoxical sleep because EEG patterns of people in stage 5 show _______________.
Heightened brain activity
Which of the following is the suggested treatment for insomnia? A.) Consume caffeine if planning to stay up late B.) Remain in bed until you are able to fall asleep no matter how long it takes C.) Hide clocks to avoid being preoccupied with how long it is taking to fall asleep D.) Use an alarm clock to wake up in the morning
Hide clocks to avoid being preoccuppied
How should parents respond when their child experiences night terrors?
If the child is not in any physical danger, then ignore it.
When you fly across the country, traversing several time zones, your circadian rhythm is likely to be interrupted by _________________.
Jet lag; the disruption of in our circadian rhythm caused by changing time zones is called jet lag.
A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at the end of the terminal. The therapists suggests that the "terminal" in the dream indicates an unconscious desire by the client to "terminate" his boss. This desire to terminate his boss, if it exists, would reflect what Freud would call the ___________ content of the dream.
Latent The definition of latent is hidden, that is, not observable.
Your friend Megan is suffering from sleep apnea. What might you suggest she first try? A.) Watching television before she tries to fall asleep. B.) Reading a book before bedtime C.) Losing some weight. D.) Turning up the thermostat in her house.
Losing some weight Sleep apnea is associated with being overweight, so this is usually the first option.
_____________ dreaming is a phenomenon in which a person achieves full awareness of a dream as a dream while dreaming.
Lucid
Abdulkadir had a very strange thing happen to him last night. He was sound asleep when he won a $250 million lottery spin. As everyone was screaming, jumping up and down, and celebrating, Abdulkadir had the strangest sensation that he was actually dreaming. As it turns out, unfortunately he was right. What principle explains this experience?
Lucid dreaming
Which of the following concepts most strongly challenges the conventional belief that one is either entirely awake or consciously aware or asleep and not consciously aware? A.) Dissociation B.) Hypnosis C) Lucid Dreaming D.) Sleepwalking
Lucid dreaming In lucid dreaming, an individual is aware that they are dreaming and may be able to exert some control over the context or content in their dreams.
A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The content of this dream, as related by the client to the therapist, is what Freud called _______________ content of the dream.
Manifest content This content would be the surface meaning.
Young Margarita has periods during her sleep when she will appear to wake up and scream, kick, and thrash. She appears to be in significant distress as she breathes faster and faster. What is happening to her?
Margarita is experiencing night terrors.
Many over the counter remedies have names that resemble the actual chemical or physiological mechanism that they impact. Which of the following product names would be most likely to affect your ability to sleep? A.) Superserotone B.) Melatonex C.) Dopaminex D.) Adrenalaccel
Melatonex; remember that melatonin is the hormone associated with causing sleepiness
______________, a hormone involved in regulation of circadian rhythm, is secreted by the pineal gland.
Melatonin
Ed often experiences an intense urge to sleep and has fallen asleep for a few minutes while in a business meeting, while driving, and while talking on the phone. He is most likely diagnosed as suffering from ____________.
Narcolepsy
Reverend Hoper is trying to marry David and Kendra, but Kendra falls asleep on her feet. What is she probably suffering from?
Narcolepsy
Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from ___________.
Narcolepsy
The difference between insomnia and narcolepsy is ________________.
Narcolepsy causes people to have difficulty falling asleep when they want to, while insomnia causes people to fall asleep when they don't want to
Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your plane to have? A.) Enuresis B.) Sleep terror C.) Daytime insomnia D.) Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy, which is characterized by sudden sleep; this might cause the pilot to lose control of the plane Enuresis is bed wetting and should not interfere with flying
Which of the following disorders is more common in children than adults? A.) Insomnia B.) Narcolepsy C.) Night Terrors D.) Sleep apnea
Night terrors Night terrors are more common in children, but they can occur in adults during periods of great stress.
Nathan was a psychologist in the 1930s. Which of the following would best represent his understanding of what happened inside his brain during sleep? A.)Humans pass through five distinct stages of sleep. B.)Humans, unlike animals, experience REM sleep, but both experience non-REM sleep. C.)Neurons fire and create the biological underpinnings of dreams and nightmares. D.)Nothing interesting happens as humans sleep through the night
Nothing interesting happens as humans sleep through the night. For much of human history, it was believed that sleep is a completely inactive, dormant period of time.
Nester is in the middle of a fantastic dream. What is his body doing?
Nothing; hence paradoxical sleep
Many people have claimed to have near-death experiences over the years, during which they report metaphysical events, such as seeing a bright light, waking through a tunnel, or even approaching the presence of God. Research, however, has suggested that these experiences are nothing more than the consequence of physiological changes of a dying brain. This simpler explanation represents which principle of critical thinking from your textbook?
Occam's Razor
Carla reported observing herself help a pedestrian who had been hit by a taxicab driver from atop a building awning 15 feet off the ground. This is an example of what altered state of consciousness?
Out-of-body experiences These are often accompanied by a sense of watching ourselves from a distant.
Jemele has decided to remain awake more than two hours more than normal so that she can study for her British Literature exam. She also plans to wake one and a half hours earlier than normal to resume studying. This change in her sleep pattern will have the biggest affect on the amount of ___________sleep she gets.
REM
What relatively rare sleep disorder involves people acting out the movements and events in their dreams?
REM behavior disorder Although most people believe that this type of behavior exhibits sleepwalking, it actually shows this illness called REM behavior disorder
Curtis has been getting only 4 hrs of sleep a night during final exams because he didn't prepare like he should have during the semester. Upon returning home for the summer, he experiences intense dreams for three nights as he gets his more typical seven and a half hours of nightly sleep. Curtis is most likely experiencing _______________.
REM rebound
Jackie has not slept in several days. When she finally dozes off, we can expect her to spend a lot of time dreaming. What process of sleep is being illustrated.
REM rebound
During what stage of sleep are we most likely to experience dreaming?
REM sleep
What does REM stand for?
Rapid Eye Movement
Those who report of having had an out of body experience often suggest that they can see and hear things that are separated from their bodies. On the rare occasions when these claims have been positively verified by research, repetitions of that research have failed to produce the same outcomes. This is a problem for which principle of critical thinking mentioned in your textbook?
Replicability
One key criticism of claims of out of body experiences is that there are often multiple explanations for a phenomena. This is an example of what key principle in critical thinking?
Ruling out rival hypotheses Coming up with different ways of explaining an events speaks to critical thinking principle of ruling out rival hypotheses.
Those who suffer from narcoleptic attacks usually do not stay asleep for more than ___________ minutes.
Several
Which of the following was most likely dreamed by 5 year old Cecilia? A.) She dreamt that she was flying on her laptop over the city. B.) She dreamt that her mom had grown wings. C.) She dreamt about the pony she wants. D.) She dreamt that her teachers had horns and were making her paint the fence with erasers.
She dreamt about the pony she wants. Children's dreams tend to be simple, lacking in movement, and less emotionally complex than adult dreams.
Mrs. Lassey is taking medication to reduce the activity of her acetylcholine-producing neurons; what might happen?
She may dream less often, or not at all.
Sleep research supports several "helpful hints" to combat insomnia. Which statement is accurate? A.) Watching television before bed will relax the mind and promote sleep. B.) Sleeping in a cooler room will help promote sleep. C.) Surfing the internet before bed will help the mind relax and promote sleep. D.) Reading a good book before bed will help your mind relax and promote sleep.
Sleep in a cooler room will help promote sleep.
Eric had a dream where he reported feeling strapped down and unable to move or survey much of his surroundings. When discussing this with his therapist, he wonders whether it was an alien abduction. The therapist suggests that these feelings more correctly reflect ________________.
Sleep paralysis, which is the strange experience of being unable to move just after falling asleep or immediately upon wakening.
We spend the greatest amount of time engaged in what altered state of consciousness?
Sleeping. We spend 1/3 or more of our lives sleeping.
As we sleep during the night, we spend the majority of our time in _______ sleep.
Stage 2
Troy is mowing the grass. As his lawnmower engine starts to run out of gas, it will sputter, run well for a while, then sputter again. What stage of sleep exhibits a similar pattern.
Stage 2; it exhibits sudden bursts of electrical activity that create K-complexes
Delta waves occur more than 50 percent of the time in stage ______________ of sleep.
Stage 4
Mr. Colbert is meeting with his doctor to discuss treatments for his recent diagnosed narcolepsy. Which of the following is likely to be part of his treatment regimen? A.) Exercise to promote weight loss B.) Maintaining a constant sleep schedule C.) Sleeping pills to promote deeper sleep D.)Taking the medication Provigil
Taking the medication Provigil
As a student nurse looks at patient's chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea, so she asks the head nurse for assistance. How might the head nurse explain the patient's condition?
The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of times while he sleeps
The perspective that one's dreams contain more information than would be expected at first glance is more consistent with ______________ theory.
dream protection theory The dream protection theory of Sigmund Freud suggested that dream have different levels of meaning and content.
Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams represent the fulfillment of wishes, a yet research suggests that quite a few dreams that people experience do not have positive themes or content. Which principle of critical thinking is involved in this apparent contradiction?
falsifiability The fact that dreams tend to have a bit of negative, or unpleasant, content does not support, or actively falsifies, Freud's theory that dreams are about our deepest desires or wishes.
_____________ refers to suggestive techniques for altering a person's perceptions, thoughts, or beliefs about one's self.
hypnosis
Because Alzheimer's disease impacts the brain's level of acetylcholine, what sleep-related impact are sufferers of this disease are likely to experience?
less frequent dreaming Less acetylcholine means less active nerve cells, therefore fewer signals to be interpreted as dreams.
Dwayne and his nine year old son are sitting in the breakfast table and talking about various things. The son mentions a dream that he had about his favorite toy. Dwayne mentions a bizarre dream he had the previous night. These differences in content of dreams can be best explained by ____________.
neurocognitive theory The neurocognitive theory of dreaming discusses the differences in our dream content as we go from childhood to adulthood.
A psychologist or psychiatrist is likely to diagnose one's difficulty in attaining adequate nightly sleep as a psychological disorder A.) even if it occurs relatively infrequently B.) if it interferes with daily activities such as work and negatively impacts a person's health C.) only if the person feels that the lack of sleep is causing problems in other areas D.) when it results in from a deliberate choice, such as studying all night for an exam
only if the person feels that the lack of sleep is causing problems in other areas Everybody has the occasional difficulty sleeping, but when those difficulties significantly interfere with a person's functioning they may indicate a sleeping disorder
Research has shown that people with narcolepsy have abnormally few brain cells that can produce the hormone ________________.
orexin
Albert is extremely obese and his family complains of his snoring. During the nights as he sleeps, he often stops breathing for a couple of seconds. As a result, his sleep is less restful because he awakes gasping for air. Albert clearly suffers from ______________.
sleep apnea
_______________ is a disorder caused by blockage of the airway during sleep.
sleep apnea
Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim's symptoms.
sleep apnea Sleep apnea is associated with excess weight and causes snoring loudly.
It is 3 am and Jack is in the kitchen standing at the refrigerator. His wife walks in and asks what he is doing. Jack does not respond but begins to take out items to make a sandwich. What might Jack be exhibiting?
sleepwalking
