Chapter 5 Developing Through the life span

Define teratogens

"monster maker" agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during parental development and cause harm

Retrieval Practice * Object permanence, pretend play, conservation, and abstract logic are developmental milestones for which of Piaget's stages, respectively? *Match the correct cognitive developmental stage (a-d) to each developmental phenomenon (1-6) 1. Thinking about abstract concepts, such as "freedom" 2. Enjoying imaginary play (such as dress-up) 3. Understanding that physical properties stay the same even when objects change form 4. Having the ability to reserve math operations 5. Understanding that something is not gone for good when it disappears from sight, as when Mom "disappears"behind the shower curtain. 6. Having difficulty taking another's point of view (as blocking someone from the view)

* Object permanence for the sensorimotor stage, pretend to play for the preoperational stage, conservation for the concrete operational stage, and abstract logic for the formal operational stage. * a. (Sensorimotor) 5 b. (Preoperational) 2, 6 C. (Concrete Operational )3, 4 d. (Formal Operational ) 1

Retrieval Practice * According to Kohlberg, ----morality focuses on self-interest, --- -- morality focuses on self-interest defined ethical principles, and ----morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules

* preconventional postconventional conventional

Body contact

- A research by psychologist Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow on monkey were taken from their parent after born and were fed to decrease the chance for diseases. > Monkeys used to be distressed when they were away from their blankets. > but was it the nourishment or the blanket?---they did another experiment > A mother with comfy clothes and mother with food---turns out monkeys were more interested in the comfy mother. But not only that but also, rocking, warmth, and feeding made the cloth mother more appealing. ---Same deal with humans -The human attachment also consists of one person providing another with a secure base from which to explore and a safe haven when distressed.

Forming an identity

- Adolescents tend to try different selves in different situations. - For both adolescents and adults, group identities are often formed by how we differ from those around us. -For international students, those who share different and minority ethnic group or sexual orientation, or people with disability are often having the social identity that forms around their distinctiveness. -Many college seniors have achieved a clearer identity and more positive self-concept than when they were first-year students. Those people are less likely for alcohol misuse. -Erikson thinks that adolescence identity formation is followed in young adulthood by devleoping the capacity for intimacy-- the ability to form emotionally close relationships. - Those who tend to have a healthy relationship with family and friends during adolesence tend to have a healthy adult relationships.

Motor Devleopment

- As an infant exercises its maturing muscles, and nervous system, skills emerge. - Exception, the sequence of physical motor development is universal - The behaviors of roll over before they sit unsupported, crawl on all fours before they walk indicate that the imitation but a maturing nervous system. - Even blind children do that - The recommended infant back to sleep position has been associated with somewhat later crawling but not with later walking. -Maturation--including the rapid development of the cerebellum at the back of the brain--creates our readiness to learn walking at about age 1.

What are some newborn abilities, and how do researchers explore infant's mental abilities?

- Babies are programmed to withdrew their limbs to escape pain -William James presumed that the newborn experiences a "blooming, buzzing confusion," an assumption few people challenged until the 1960s. > Scientists discovered that babies can tell you a lot-- if you know how to ask. They gaze, such, turn their heads. An example is when fetus adapted to vibrating device when was placed on the abdomen of the mother.

For mal Operational Stage

- By age 12 our reasoning expands from the purely concrete (involving actual experience) to encompass abstract thinking (involving imagined realities and symbols) -As children approach adolescence they can ponder hypothetical propositions and deduce consequences: If this, then that. -Systemic reasoning, what Piaget called formal operational thinking

Concrete Operational Stage

- By age 7, Piaget said that children enter the concrete operational stage. So they can mentally pour the milk back and forth between glasses of different shapes. They also enjoy jokes that use this new understanding - Piaget thinks that during the Concrete Operational Stage, children become able to comprehend mathematical transformation and conservation

How does childhood neglect or abuse affect children's attachments?

- Children who experience abuse during their childhood experience tend to have lower intelligence scores and double rate of anxiety symptom found in children. -Children who grew up under adversity, they tend to be resilient. Therefore, hardship is a boost for mental toughness. -Children who don't experience sharp break tend to not bounce back so readily - In humans same deal, the unloved is becoming the unloving -However, early trauma does leave footprints on the brain. This may cause changes in the brain chemical serotonin, which calms agressive impulses. -Child abuse, also leaves epigenetic marks--chemical tags--- that can alter nomal geen expression. -Abuse victims are likely for risk of depression if they carry a gene variaiton that alter the stress-hormone production - behavior and emotions arise from a particular enviroment interacting with particular genes. -Same deal with deataching during relationships, deataching is a process, not an event.

How did Piaget, Kohlberg and later researchers describe adolescent cognitive and moral development?

- Developing Reasoning Power - Developing Morality >Moral reasoning > Moral Intuition > Moral Action - During the early teens, reasoning is often self-focused. So children tend to think that their parents don't understand what they're going through. -Things change later on

Attachment styles and later relationships

- Erik Erikson and his wife Joan Erikson believe that children attachment starts from with the sense of basic trust-- a sense that the world is predictable and reliable. >Childern approach life as reliable and truthful > Children who tend to have secure relationship with their parents tend to have a secure relationship in their friendship - our adult styles of romantic love exhibit: 1. secure, trusting attachment 2. insecure, anxious attachment 3. avoidance of attachment -There are two forms of being insecure with others 1. Anxiety (people request acceptance but remain in a possibility of rejection) 2. Avoidance (people experience discomfort getting close to others and use avoidant strategies to maintain distance from others. >it decreases commitment

What are the social tasks and challenges of adolescence?

- Erikson thinks that every stage in life has its own crisis - Young children work on the issue of trust and independence -School-age children work on competence and productive -Adolescent's task is to synthesize past, present, and future possibilities into a clearer sense of self. "Who am I"

Parental Development

- Fewer than half of all fertilized eggs, called ZYGOTES, survive beyond the first 2 weeks. -The zygote's inner cells become the EMBRYO. Many of its outer cells become the placenta -By 9 weeks after conception, an embryo looks unmistakably human. It is now a fetus. After the sixth month, organs such as the stomach have developed enough to give the fetus a good chance of survival if born prematurely. - At each parental stage, geentic and enviromnetal facotrs affect our development. Bt 6th month, microphone readings taken inside the uterus reveal that the fetus is responsive t sound and is exposed to the sound of its mothre's muffled voice. That's why after the baby is born, it prefers the sound of mother rather than the sound of father - If the mother spoke two languages during pregnancy, they display intrest i nboth languages. (language begins in the womb) - Placenta screens out many harmful substances, but some slip by Teratogens. -Even light drinking or occasional binge dirnkig can affect the fetal brain. -The fetal damge may occur because the alsohol has an epigenetic effect: it leaves chemical marks on DNA that swithch genes abnormally on or off. -If a pregnant woman experience extreme streess, the stress hormones flooding her body may indicate a survival threat to the fetus and produce an earlier delivery.

Brain Development

- From infancy on = brain and mind-neural hardware and cognitive software develop together - After birth = branching neural networks that enable you to walk and talk -From the age 3 to 6, the most rapid growth in frontal lobes, which enable rational planning - brain's thinking, memory, and language are the last cortical areas to develop - In humans, the brain is immature at birth. As the child matures, the neural networks grow increasingly more complex.

How do children's self-concepts develop?

- Infancy's major social achievement is an attachment. By the age of 12, most children have developed a self-concept--an understanding and assessment of who they are. -By the age of 18 months old, children tend to wonder why they look in the mirror this way. - By the time they go to school, they start to see the differences between them and others and start to consider themselves with some certain groups. - By the age of 8-10, their self-concept tends to be stable. -However, Children view of themselves affects their personality. For example, it positive self-concept would make them feel confident.

Conception

- Nothing is more natural than a species reproducing itself. The process started inside your grandmother--as an egg formed inside a developing female inside of her.

How is adolescence defined, and how do physical changes affect developing teens?

- Physical changes in middle adulthood - Physical changes in late adulthood - Adolescence is described as "believed that this tension between biological maturity and social dependence creates a period of storm and distress -Some people think back to childhood as a time of fun and friendship and other don't even want to think back.

Moral Reasoning

- Piaget believes that children moral judgment build on their cognitive development. -Kohlberg agrees and say that moral reasoning can be seen as right or wrong -If you ask children, teenagers, and adult a question, they tend to be; -pre-conventional -conventional -post-conventional ( are culturally limited)

Theory of Mind

- Preschoolers, although still egocentric, develop this ability to infer others' mental states when they begin forming a theory of mind (important). - Children with autism spectrum disorder had difficulty understanding that the other's state of mind differed from their own. They also have difficulties reflecting on their own mental states. Also, deaf children with hearing parents and minimal communication opportunities have had similar difficulty inferring others' states of mind.

From the perspectives of Piaget, Vygotsky, and today's researchers, how does a child's mind develop?

- Psychologist Jean Piaget tried to study how our mind unfolds and become conscious. - He found out that children reason differently than adults, in "wildly illogical ways about problems whose solutions are self-evident to adults." -Piaget's studies let him believe that a child's mind develops through a series of stages, in an upward march from the newborn's simple reflexes to the adult's abstract reasoning power. That's what makes 8-year old can comprehend things a toddler cannot. -Piaget thinks that maturing brain builds schemas, concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences. By adulthood, we have built countless schemas up to the concept of love.

Stability and Change

- Research reveals that we experience both stability and change. Some of our characteristics, such as temperament, are very stable >research shows people from age 3 - 38 ave consistency of temperament and emotionality across time. > As people grow older, personality gradually stablize. The struggles of the present may be laying a foundation for a happier tomorrow. > We all age with age -Life requires both stability and change. >Stability provides our identity. > Our potential for change gives us our hope for a brighter future.

Piaget's theory and current thinking

- Sensorimotor stage - Concrete Operational Stage - Formal Operational Stage In Piaget's view, cognitive development consisted of four major stages 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operation, 4. formal operational

Human bonding

- There is an attachment between parents the children. So they cry once their parents leave them and they smile once their parents arrive. - Some research said that it's because their parents provide their nourishment but some other research disagrees.

Developing Morality

- To be a moral person is to think morally and act accordingly. There are three kinds of morality; - Moral reasoning - Moral intuition - Moral action

Brain Maturation and Infant Memory

- What the conscious mind does not know and cannot express in words, the nervous system and our two track mind somehow remember. - When touch a baby's foot with the phone more than once, the baby starts kicking it. If you do it again tomorrow, he would do it again. However, if you do it with another phone, he wouldn't kick it unless we do it multiple times.

What is autism spectrum disorder?

- a disorder marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors, have been increasing -The rate of children diagnosed differ from state to state -Scientists should relabel children's disorders since the increase in ASD has been balanced by the decrease in the number of children with a cognitive disability or learning disability -Children with ASD have poor communication among brain regions that normally work together to let us take another's viewpoint. - From age 2 months, children tend to look at eyes, by with ASD they don't look at eyes that much - Most of ASD patients experienced bullying -They said to have impaired theory of mind -ASD has differing levels of seveirty Such as Asperger Syndrome, which generally funciton at a high level. > normal intelligence + exceptional skill but deficient social and communicaitno skills and tendency to beocme distracted by irrelevant stimuli Some factors that cause ASD are; - Biological facotrs (genetic infulences and abnormal brain devleopment) If one of the twin is diagnoized, then second twin has 50 to 70 percent chance to also be diognized. > Ransom genetic mutations in sperm producing cells also have an effect. Mutations become more frequent as people age. At age 40, they have higher chance for fathers a child with ASD than 30 years old father. - not being vaccinated (back in time, people thought that MMR vaccinations are cuasing ASD so when they stopped taking it the rate increased. - Parental enviroment (causes maternal infection, inflammation, stress hormone) -ASD effects four boys for every girl - Psycholigst Simon Baron Cohen thinks that ASD rates are higher are high among elite math students, and engineering MIT graduates. -Normal children tend to yawn as other do and simle as other do. However, children with ASD tend to not do the same thing. Their brains have "broken mirror". > There could be a tratment with oxytocin-- the hormone that promotes social bonding, might imporve social behavior in those with ASD. Baron-Cohen and his collegues came up with "sytemize empathy" treatment; since children with ASD tend to watch cartoons with vehicles, they came up with an animation that would create emotion-conveying faces onto trains and cars that would make childern experience various emotions.

Sensorimotor Stage

- as babies' hands and limbs begin to move, they learn to make things happen - Piaget noticed that before age of 6 months, the infant wouldn't react to the toy. So they lack object permanence - By 8 months babies would exhibit memory for things no longer seen and try to look for it. - By 10 months or later, they would look for it However, reasearchers belive that Piaget and his followers underestimated young childeren's competence. They probably think little 1. Baby physics : babies look longer at an unexpected and unfmilair scne 2. baby math: if you hold 3 toys, hide them and then hold 4 toys, the baby would stare longer.

Pre operational Stage

- children before 8 years are too young to perform mental operations -Before about age 6, said Piaget, children lack the concept of conservation--the principle that quantity remains that same despite changes in shape. For example, pour milk from the gallon to the glass or the opposite. - Piaget contended that preschool children are egocentric. > For example, children in the age of 2 think that if they can't see their grandparents, their grandparents can't see them (if they close their eyes) -When watching TV, preschoolers who block your view of the TV assume that you see what they see. they cimply have not yet developed the ability to take another's viewpoint. -The trait curse of knowledge = when adults may overestimate the extent to which others share our opinions and perspectives.

Implications for Parents and Teachers

- future teachers and parents should remember that young children an incapable of adult logic. For example, ones who block one's viewpoint are not capable of adult logic and they did not learn to take another's viewpoint. - Children are not waiting to be filled with knowledge---you should build on what they already know - Accept their cognitive immaturity as adaptive

Retrieval Practice *Developmental Psychologists use repeated stimulation to test an infant's ...... to stimulus

- habituation

Familiarity

- is the other way of attachment -familiarity form during a critical period --an optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development -The critical period differs between animals and humans. -Lorenz explored the attachment process, called imprinting -Baby birds don't only imprint to their same species, they also will imprint to a variety of moving object > However, once formed, this attachment is difficult to change -Children don't imprint but become attached to what they know, such as rereading books, or reeacthing movies. Familiarity is a safety signal.

Physical Development

- it begins with puberty= when we're mature sexually. -Early versus late maturing = the sequence of physical changes in puberty is far more predictable than their timing -For boys, early maturation has some mixed effects. For example, confident boys tend to be self-confident and at risk for alcoholism -For girls, early maturation may cause girls to date older boys and make her experience sexual harassment. She may have more anxiety disorder -The teenage brain. It's also a work in progress. So before adolescence, our brain cells increase their connections. But During adolescence, comes the "what we don't use, we lose -As teens grow their frontal lobes also devleop which increases the improvments in judgment, and long term planning -Puberty's hormonal surge (wave) and limbic system development is what explain the occasional impulsivness, and risky behavioral. Teens find rewards more exciting than adults. - frontal lobes continue to devleop until age of 25. They will also become better connected with the limbic system, enabling better emotion regulation. - Medical and mental researchers argue for death penalities for 16 and 17 years old since their brain and frontal lobes are still devleoping.

Continuity and Stages

- researchers see development as a slow, continuous shaping process. Everyone -The human brain does experience growth spurts during childhood and puberty that correspond roughly to Piaget's stages. -stage theories contribute a developmental perspective on the whole life span, by suggesting how people of one age think and act differently when they arrive at a later age.

Moral Intuition

- the mind makes moral judgments as it makes aesthetic judgments (look) (by seeing people's actions) - Our intuitive moral emotions, rooted in other brain areas, override reason -Moral reasoning is very important with religious since it shapes their practices of forgiveness, communal life, and modesty -When you're in a stressful situation like a flood, you tend to ask yourself should I risk my life for them. The reasoning likely reflected different levels of moral thinking, even if they're behaving similarly.

How do parent-infant attachment bonds form?

-After about 8 months, children develop stranger anxiety. So they cry as they meet new faces since they cannot assimilate the new face into these remembred schemas, they become distressed. --> The brain, social-emotional behavior, and mind develop together. -Human bonding >body contact >Familiarity

How have psychologists studied attachment differences, and what have they learned?

-Attachment styles and later relationships Ainsworth studied children's attachment differences >She found that sensitive, responsive mothers--those who noticed what their babies were doing and responded appropriately--had infants who exhibited secure attachment > Insenstivve, unresponsive mothers--mothers who attended to their babies when they felt like doing so but ignored them other times--often had infants who were insecurely attached. -Is attachment style the result of parenting? or is attachment style the result of genetically influences temperament---a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity >studies show that heredity matters too. Some babies are born calm and others are born crying To find out --new research > Dutch researcher den Boom randomly assign 100 temperamentally difficult 6-9 months old who either experimental group (mothers received personal training in sensitive responding) or to control group--the ones do not. ---> 68 percent of the infants in the experimental group were related securely attached and only 28 percent of the control group infants. So programs can increase parental sensitivity and infant attachment security > Infants who lack a caring mother are said to suffer "maternal deprivation" more than those lacking a father's care merely experience "father absence" > fathering a child has meant impregnating and "mothering" has meant nurturing > Study shows those whose fathers were involved in teaching them how to read and helped them through high school tend to be more successful than other students. >the peak of children being scared form being separated from their parents is at age of 13 months.

During infancy and childhood, how do the brain and motor skills develop?

-Brain Development - Motor Devleopment - Brain Maturation and Infant Memory

What is the course of parental development, and how do teratogens affect that development?

-Conception -Parental Development

Moral actions

-Our moral thinking affects our moral talk -When we delay gratification (pleasure) ---to pass on small rewards now for bigger rewards later--is basic to our future social success. - Self-discipline is a big part of moral development -Children who have the willpower to delay a reward for later tend to be successful later on -Delaying gratification--living with one eye on the future

What three issues have engaged developmental psychologists?

1. Nature and Nurture 2. Continuity and stages 3. Stability and change

How do children adjust our schemas?

2 concepts; - We assimilate new experiences -- we interpret them in terms of our current understanding - We accommodate, our schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences.

Reflecting on Piaget's Theory

>Piaget was named as one of the greatest psychologists for his work. >However, today researchers are adapting his ideas to accommodate new findings For example, - Implications for PArents and Teachers

An Alternative Viewpoint: Lev Vygotsky and the Social Child

AS Piaget was forming his theory, Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky was also studying how children think and learn -Lev noticed that by age 7, children increasingly think in words and use words to solve problems. -Piaget described how child's mind grow through interaction with the physical environment, Vygotsky emphasized how the child's mind grows through interaction with the social environment. >Vygostsky thinks that the child's mind grows fast through language. When parents start using different kinds of works. This provides building blocks for thinking.

Define Self-concept

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I"

Retrieval Practice * What distinguishes imprinting from attachment

Attachment is the normal process by which we form emotional ties with important others. Imprinting occurs only in certain animals that have a critical period very early in their development during which they must form their attachments, and they do so in an inflexible manner.

Retrieval Practice *Developmental researchers who emphasize learning and experience are supporting ---; those who emphasize biological maturation are supporting ---- *What findings in psychology support (1) the stage theory of development and (2) the idea fo stability in personality across the life-span? What findings challenge these ideas?

Continuity, Stages (1) Stage theory is supported by the work of Piaget (cognitive development), Kohlberg (moral development), and Erikson (psychosocial development), but it is challenged by findings that change is more gradual and less culturally universal than these theorists supposed. (2) Some traits, such as temperament, do exhibit remarkable stability across many years. But we do change in other ways, such as in our social attitudes.

Nature and nurture

How does our genetic inheritance (our nature) interact with our experiences 9out nurture) to influence our development?

Define sensorimotor stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities, such as looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping.

Define Theory of mind

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states--about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Retrieval Practice * The three parenting styles have been called "too hard, too soft, and just right." Which one is too hard, which one is too soft and which one is just right and why?

The authoritarian style would be too hard. The permissive style is too soft, and the authoritative style is just right. Parents with authoritative style tend to have children with high self-esteem, self-reliance, and social competence.

Define stranger anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of ages.

Define zygote

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Define adolescence

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Retrieval Practice * What does the theory of mind have to do with autism spectrum disorder?

Theory of mind focuses on our ability to understand our own and other's mental states. Those with autism spectrum disorder struggle with this ability

What are three parenting styles, and how do children's traits relate to them?

There are three parenting styles 1. Authoritarian (parents that force. They come up with rules. Don't do that..) 2. Permissive (parents that are unrestrained, they make few demands and use little punishment. They may be indifferent, unresponsive) 3. Authoritative (parents that are confrontive, they are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules, but especially with older children, they encourage open discussion and allow exceptions) - Successful children tend to have authoritative parents. - Children with authoritarian parents tend to have less social skills and tend to be aggressive. -The association between certain parenting styles (being firm but open) and certain childhood outcomes (social competence) is correlational. However, correlation is not causation. -there are two possible alternative explanations for parenting competence link; 1. children traits may influence parenting. perhaps socially mature, agreeable, easygoing children evoke greater trust and warmth from their parents. 2. third factor like work. Competent parents and competent children share genes that predispose social competence For those who value children's sociability and self-reliance, authoritative firm-but-open parenting is advisable. -The investment in raising a child buys many years not only of joy and love but of worry and irritation.

Continuity and stages

What parts of development are gradual and continuous, like riding an escalator? What parts change abruptly in separate stages, like climbing rungs on a ladder?

Developing Reasoning Power

When adolescence reaches the peak of the intellectual, Piaget described that they reach --formal operations-- so they apply their new abstract reasoning tolls to the world around them and compare what's going on with the imperfect reality, their society, parents, and themselves. -Now they may sake deeper faith in God or argue about equality.

Stability and change

Which of our traits persist through life? How do we change as we age?

Retrieval Practice *The first two weeks of parental development is the period of the -----. The period of the ----- lasts from 9 weeks after conception until birth. The time between those two prenatal periods is considered the period of the ......

Zygote; fetus; embryo

Define Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Define habituation

a decrease in responding to repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Define Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Define basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Define accommodation

adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Define cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

Define Attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in your children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Define Critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Define Mutation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Adolescence

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Attachment Differences

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Cognitive Development

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Deprivation of Attachment

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Fevlteopmental sPsychology's Major Issues

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Infancy and Childhood

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Parental Development and the Newborn

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Parenting styles

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Physical development

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Self-Concept

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Social Development

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Social Devleopment

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The competent newborn

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What three issues have engaged developmental psychologists

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Define egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

Define preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Define formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage at which children around 12 years old start to think logically about abstract concepts.

Define Concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development ( 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Define assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Retrieval Practice * The biological growth process, called ... explains why most children begin walking by about 12 to 15 months.

maturation

Define identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self y testing and integrating various roles

Define fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women's heavy dirnking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-propportion head and banormal facial features.

Define Object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Define fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Define embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

What is Mutation

the orderly sequence of biological growth--decrees many of our commonalities. (we stand before walking) -Mutation sets the basic course of development; experience adjusts it.

Define puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Define conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Define imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life