Chapter 5-emotions & motivation

hate

-Sternberg views hate as being composed of high levels of 3 emotions: disgust, fear & anger, contempt -each component can be expressed individually or in combination with one another -its aroused & maintained by the stories members of an ingroup tell about an out group

motivation to control prejudice

-a desire to appear unprejudiced that reflects both the concern that others might think one is prejudiced and the awareness that saying and doing some kinds of things would cause trouble -desire to inhibit the expression of prejudice -social norms & religion play important roles

stereotype content model

-a theory of the nature of stereotypes that classifies group stereotypes along two broad dimensions of warmth and competence -combining the dimensions leads to 4 categories of behaviors -model of intergroup emotions -developed by Cuddy & colleagues, 2007

stereotype content model's 4 categories of behaviors

-active facilitation: doing things that help a group/its members get ahead in society -passive facilitation: not inhibiting a group/its members from getting ahead -active harm: doing things that harm a group/its members -passive harm: harming a group/its members by not doing things that would be helpful or not engaging in behaviors considered to be polite

empathy

-an other-oriented emotional response congruent with another's perceived welfare -feelings such as: sympathy, compassion, tenderness -more empathetic people exhibit less prejudice (negatively correlated): can act as a buffer against prejudice

consequences of controlling prejudice

-avoidance & ambivalence -misunderstanding of one's own prejudices -"boomerang" effects -reinforcement of prejudicial attitudes by negative reinforcement

Sternberg's 3 layers of hate described

-disgust: leads to physical & psychological avoidance & distancing -fear & anger: leads to a push for action against the target group -contempt: leads to dehumanizing & seeing them as less moral

why anger leads to greater stereotype use

-due to its highly-arousing nature -involves increased & decreased attention to individuating characteristics -people focus on emotional state which distracts them from environmental factors (individuating characteristics) leading to stereotyping

description of Cottrell & Neuberg's model

-economic threat: anger/fear/disgust: aggression -values threat: disgust/ fear/anger: avoidance -safety threat: fear/anger: escape -unsuccessful: pity/anger: help

specific examples of Cottrell & Neuberg's model

-economic threat: asian americans, mexican americans -values threat: gay men, active feminists -safety threat: african americans, mexican americans -unsuccessful: mexican americans, african americans

how intergroup emotions lead to intergroup behavior

-emotion is a motivator for behavior -people experience emotions when their environments change, which leads to a behavioral response to restore the environment to which the person is comfortable -if the behavior is successful in restoring the environment the emotion is reduced -meeting a member of another group can arouse emotions associated with stereotypes of that group

why happy people stereotype more

-happy mood conveys there is a safe environment & no need to think critically -conserve their mental resources by using stereotypes, instead of using effortful thinking to seek out individuating information

effects of incidental emotions

-happy mood leads to more stereotyping -sad mood leads to less stereotyping -anger is linked to greater use of stereotypes -anger, disgust, anxiety can lea to more stereotyping & greater prejudice -the type of emotion can determine which group will be stereotyped

description of the stereotype content model

-high warmth & comp: admiration/respect: active/passive facilitation -high warmth & low comp: pity: active facilitation/ passive harm -low warmth & high comp: envy/anger: active harm/ passive facilitation -low warmth & comp: contempt/disrespect: active/passive harm

specific examples of the stereotype content model

-high warmth & comp: middle-class & white people -high warmth & low comp: disabled & mentally-ill people -low warmth & high comp: jews, asians -low warmth & comp: people on welfare & homeless people

social norms

-informal rules that groups develop that describe how to be a good group member -govern both behavior & attitude

intergroup anxiety & prejudice

-leads to avoidance & hostility -self-reinforcing through avoidance -relates to minority group members' attitudes toward the majority group as well as vice versa

Cottrell & Neuberg 2005

-model of intergroup emotions -argues that our specific beliefs about different groups predict the types of emotions we feel towards them -anger is a common emotion among all belief groups

2 main story themes supporting burning hate

-outgroups are barbarians who are out to destroy the superior culture of the ingroup & replace it with the out group's inferior culture -outgroups are evil victimizers who to torture, murder, & raper members of the ingroup for their own pleasure because of their corrupt morals & animal nature

why sad people stereotype less

-sad mood reflects potential danger & need to think more detail-oriented/critically

burning hate

-strongest, most dangerous, & destructive form of hate -combines all 3 components -often cause of genocide

intergroup anxiety

-the feelings of discomfort many people experience when interacting with, or anticipating an interaction with members of other groups -anxiety is amorphous -caused by expectations that interactions with members of another group will have negative consequences

Batson & colleague's 3-step process on empathy affecting prejudice

1- adopting the perspective of a stigmatized group member increases emphatic feelings for them 2- these empathetic feelings increase the perceptual value of this member's welfare 3-assuming the member's group membership mainly causes their difficulty, the increased valuing is generalized to the group as a whole and is reflected in more positive attitudes toward the group

Dunton & Fazio's 2 components of motivation to control prejudice

1- concern with acting prejudiced: combo of internal & external 2- restraint to avoid dispute: awareness that saying & doing some kinds of things would cause trouble, combined with a willingness to not say or do those things as a way of avoiding arguments

2 reasons negative expectations develop leading to intergroup anxiety

1- person has had little contact with outgroup and sees it in terms of stereotypes that are often negative 2-person has had negative experiences with outgroup members in the past & bases expectations for future interactions on those past experiences

Cuddy 2007 & Cottrell, Neuberg 2005 their model's 2 important points

1-although people may express the same degree of prejudice toward a group, the emotional bases of those prejudices might differ 2-the same group can evoke inconsistent emotional responses

Plant & Devine's 2 sources of motivation to control prejudice

1-internal: stemming from personal belief system that holds prejudice is wrong 2-external: a result of social pressure -separate dimensions that can be experienced as one and not the other, both simultaneously, or neither -high internal/low external: score low on explicit & implicit measure of prejudice (due to strong humanitarian-egalitarian values) -high external/low internal: associated with higher levels of prejudice (due to frustration & pressure to be politically correct)

Davis's 4 components of empathy

1-perspective taking: adopt the psychological pov of others in everyday life 2-empathetic concern: experience feelings of sympathy & compassion for unfortunate others 3- personal distress: experience distress & discomfort in response to extreme distress in others 4-fantasy: imaginatively transpose oneself into fictional situations

incidental emotion

emotions that are not associated with a given social group but which the person brings to the intergroup situation

intergroup emotions

the feelings aroused when people think about or interact with members of social groups