Chapter 5 Evr 1001
The role of an administrative agency is that of _______. View Available Hint(s) enforcement and elaboration of laws passed by Congress judicial control enforcing rules or statutes only according to presidential directives passing legislation
enforcement and elaboration of laws passed by Congress
External costs include ________. utilities environmental damage wages worker's compensation and insurance raw materials
environmental damage
What costs are associated with transactions that can result in damage to the environment, human health, and property? traditional market costs internal costs tangential costs external costs
external costs
As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that buyers are willing to purchase ________. decreases remains stable increases cannot be determined from the graph
decreases
At the point of peak consumption, how many barrels of MTBE were consumed in the United States? 300 barrels per day 100 barrels per day 300,000 barrels per day 200,000 barrels per day
300,000 barrels per day
Which of the following groups is most likely to support President Obama's proposal to add a "production fee" to coal? Arch Coal National Mining Association Republican congressmen and congresswomen 350.org
350.org
How much lead was emitted in 1970 from nontransportation sources? 50,000 tons 220 tons 220,000 tons 50 tons
50,000 tons
What will occur if the demand for a product increases but the supply of that product remains the same? A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase. A surplus of the product will cause the price of the product to rise. A surplus of the product will lead to a lower price for the product. A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to decrease.
A shortage of the product will cause the price of the product to increase.
Scientists use a process known as the scientific method to conduct their research. There are various versions of this process, but they all have similar basic steps as indicated in the flow chart below. Torres-Porras took all of the steps in the flow chart after he observed differences between red deer populations in fenced and unfenced estates. Drag the description from the Torres-Porras experiment on to the position it represents in the scientific method.
Ask Question: Does the toc influence... Do background: Learn more about toc... Construct hypothesis: the toc is influencing... Develop predictions: Male red deer in fenced... Test:Collect demographic data Analyze results: Analyze the data to see if male red Hypothesis supported: The results show deer are older with longer antlers hypothesis rejected: The results show deer are NOT older with longer antlers Report results: Publish a paper Make Observation: populations of red deer do not all seem to be the same
You are developing a carbon-sequestration technique. Which of the following are you focused on removing to help combat climate change? Glucose Carbon dioxide Water vapor Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Which of the following is currently true? Oil produces more global tons of carbon dioxide than natural gas, but coal does not. Coal produces more global tons of carbon dioxide than natural gas, but oil does not. Coal and oil both produce more global tons of carbon dioxide than natural gas. Coal, oil and natural gas all produce about the same amount of global tons of carbon dioxide.
Coal and oil both produce more global tons of carbon dioxide than natural gas.
Which type of advertising assists consumers in choosing products that are grown or manufactured with environmentally friendly methods? View Available Hint(s) Ecodocuments Energy Star labeling Ecolabeling Ecobalance
Ecolabeling
________ encourages more sustainable business practices. Greenwashing The government providing all goods and services to citizens Ecolabeling Increased economic growth Abolishing permit trading
Ecolabeling
What type of economic discipline maintains that society, like natural populations, cannot surpass environmental limitations? View Available Hint(s) Neoclassical economics Classical economics Ecological economics Environmental economics
Ecological economics
Which of the following would likely work best to decrease fossil fuel use in the U.S.? Continue production subsidies, end consumption subsidies. End production subsidies and consumption subsidies. End production subsidies, continue consumption subsidies. Continue production subsidies and consumption subsidies.
End production subsidies and consumption subsidies.
If the recommendations suggested here are followed, which of the following will happen first? The economy will be carbon neutral. Carbon sequestration of 1-2 Gt carbon dioxide will begin. Fossil fuel use will end. Fossil fuel subsidies will end.
Fossil fuel subsidies will end.
Pollution changes the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) How does this occur? View Available Hint(s) It has a zero net effect. GDP goes up when the polluting substance is produced and again when society pays to remove the substance from the environment. GDP goes down when society pays to remove the substance from the environment. There is no correlation between pollution and GDP.
GDP goes up when the polluting substance is produced and again when society pays to remove the substance from the environment.
Which of the following correctly illustrate the two ways that economic growth can occur? View Available Hint(s) Increased inputs to the economy and improvements in efficiency through technology Decreased inputs and improvements in technology Decreased inputs and pollution Pollution and increased inputs to the economy
Increased inputs to the economy and improvements in efficiency through technology
Due to many states' recent bans on MTBE, the use of ethanol in gasoline is increasing. What are some potential outcomes of the shift to ethanol? Decreased gasoline prices for East and West coast states Decreased revenue for corn-growing states Increased use of MTBE in corn-growing states Increased water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides
Increased water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides
According to the Kigali deal, which of the following countries will be the last to stop using HFCs? Germany China Rwanda India
India
Which of the following increases in temperature has been set as the goal of the Paris climate treaty? Less than 2°C Less than 4°C Less than 3°C Less than 1°C
Less than 2°C
In three years, global leaders meet to amend the Paris Climate Agreement, producing an agreement that is less effective than Paris. Which of the following do they agree on? Commit to holding temperatures steady. Limit the increase in average global temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Stop the use of all fossil fuels by 2050. Limit the increase in average global temperature to 2.5 degrees Celsius.
Limit the increase in average global temperature to 2.5 degrees Celsius.
Which of the following is the main concern of neoclassical economics? View Available Hint(s) ecosystem services ecosystem goods Waste Production
Production
Which of the following would likely do the most to reduce carbon emissions over time? Prohibit big businesses from donating to political campaigns. Increase the amount that big businesses can donate to political campaigns. Decrease the amount that big businesses can donate to political campaigns. Put a cap on the amount that big businesses can donate to political campaigns.
Prohibit big businesses from donating to political campaigns.
You are a chemical engineer working on a replacement for HFCs. Which of the following industries will likely be most interested in your product? Plastics manufacturer Coal fired power plant Refrigerator manufacturer Cell phone manufacturer
Refrigerator manufacturer
________ involves meeting the needs of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable subsistence Social justice Sustainable development Economic development Ecological development
Sustainable development
If the goals from this proposal are met, which of the following will be true? The use of oil will end before the use of coal. The use of oil and coal will end at the same time. The use of coal will end before the use of oil. Neither oil nor coal will stop being used.
The use of coal will end before the use of oil.
If trends of the last decade continue, which of the following will occur? The use of renewable energy will decrease. The use of renewable energy will increase. The use of renewable energy will fluctuate wildly. The use of renewable energy will stay about the same.
The use of renewable energy will increase.
Which of the following best explain the "free rider" predicament? View Available Hint(s) This allows one party to "get away" with an environmental impact while other parties continue to use best environmental practices. stealing power from another entity the ability to share transportation even at a great cost This is when a group takes more than its fair share.
This allows one party to "get away" with an environmental impact while other parties continue to use best environmental practices
The ________ promotes free trade by reducing obstacles to international commerce and enforcing fairness among nations in trading practices. CERCLA UN WTO CITES World Bank
WTO
Which of the following states will likely be most impacted if coal mining on public lands is halted? Illinois West Virginia Wyoming Kentucky
Wyoming
The first national park in the world was ________. Yellowstone Death Valley Grand Canyon Glacier National Park Yosemite
Yellowstone
A new power plant is being built in your area. Which of the following would be best for the environment? a coal power plant a natural gas power plant either a coal or natural gas power plant an oil power plant
a natural gas power plant
The original Clean Air Act was designed to reduce lead emissions, and the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments were designed to reduce urban smog. As implied by the graph's data, one unintended consequence of the legislation and its amendments was _________. an increase in the nontransportation uses of lead a return to the use of leaded gasoline for improved combustion an increase in water pollution an increased use of MTBE
an increase in water pollution
In order to best combat climate change, reducing the use of which of the following fuels would be most beneficial? oil nuclear natural gas coal
coal
According to the figure, the basis for government policy regarding environmental issues ________. comes primarily from the private sector comes only from the natural and social sciences and is acted upon without bias is primarily driven by lobbying comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectors comes from both the public and the private sectors
comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectors
To control pollution, industry has been given limits and been threatened with punishment if these limits are violated. This approach is called ________. end of the alley command and control limit and manage carrot and stick paddle to the bottom
command and control
Which of these behaviors is not involved in determining the market price of a product? consumers seeking to maximize their benefits relative to price competition among sellers seeking to maximize sales consumers seeking to maximize external costs sellers seeking to maximize profits
consumers seeking to maximize external costs
Which of the examples below illustrates the economic principle of a negative externality? View Available Hint(s) cost of transportation of goods from the site of production to a market cost of labor to produce a product cost or benefit of a transaction that involves the buyer or seller when both parties lose money cost of rebuilding roads damaged by trucks heavily loaded with goods
cost of rebuilding roads damaged by trucks heavily loaded with goods
While in the grocery store, Maria chooses to purchase the soy milk produced from non-genetically modified soybeans over the brand grown conventionally. Maria has made use of __________ for her decision. GDP market analysis ecolabeling green accounting
ecolabeling
Which of the following groups advocates economies that neither grow nor shrink but remain stable? View Available Hint(s) classical economists subsistence gatherers ecological economists neoclassical economists
ecological economists
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) _________. View Available Hint(s) was needed because the EPA was unable to control pollution gave citizens the right to see and comment on proposed government projects through the creation of environmental impact statements was signed into law by a president belonging to the Democratic Party was part of the first wave of U.S. environmental policy
gave citizens the right to see and comment on proposed government projects through the creation of environmental impact statements
Reduced mining of coal will have the largest impact on which of the following? tech industry agriculture generation of electricity transportation
generation of electricity
Which of the following acts to discourage unsustainable activities? View Available Hint(s) ecolabeling green tax Subsidy permit trading
green tax
The GPI for the United States ________. increases when resource extraction increases is far below that of the rest of the world has increased dramatically since 1975 has leveled off since 1975 increases when resource consumption increases
has leveled off since 1975
As the price of a good increases, the quantity of that good that sellers are willing to supply to the market ________. increases decreases approaches equilibrium remains stable
increases
In recent decades, a great deal of scientific research and observation has been funded and published by commercial and corporate interests. Since this science may not have to pass the peer review process and the researchers may have motives for biased reporting, such science could be included in the diagram as ________. a box above and pointing to the one titled "Science" lobbying by the public sector a new means of establishing government environmental policies a box between "Information and analysis" and "Government" lobbying by the private sector
lobbying by the private sector
"If domestic gas prices rise to $5 per gallon, growth will slow significantly and our quality of life will decline." This view is consistent with ________ economics. neoclassical subsistence anarchic social environmental
neoclassical
The principle that "internal costs," which are the costs and benefits borne by the buyer and seller alone, represent the true and full economics of all transactions is a principle of ________. neoclassical economics ecological economics classical economics sustainable economies steady-state economics
neoclassical economics
Environmental policy aims to ________. preserve all present natural areas in their pristine condition use natural resources for economically important industrial products promote economic growth protect the values of landowners by regulating trade promote human welfare and protect natural systems by regulating resource use and reducing pollution
promote human welfare and protect natural systems by regulating resource use and reducing pollution
The social changes in the United States in the 20th century gave rise to environmental laws concerned primarily with ________. reducing pollution caused by industry mining and homesteading management of private land preserving endangered species the settlement of the West
reducing pollution caused by industry
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________. required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government requires compensation to be given to anyone harmed by deliberate pollution from any business or corporate entity put all federal land under stringent environmental protection altered the amount of chemicals allowed in water as a result of industrial pollution was signed into law by Bill Clinton
required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government
A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of ________. the only healthy economy is one that is growing environmental damage and also environmental benefits are external steady-state economies that neither grow nor shrink greenwashing to increase public acceptance of products cost-benefit analysis
steady-state economies that neither grow nor shrink
Which of the following was NOT part of public policy during the early years of the United States? View Available Hint(s) the Homestead Act the General Mining Act the Timber Culture Act the Superfund
the Superfund
What does the y-axis show? the quantity of a good or service the equilibrium price the cost of producing a good or service the price of a good or service
the price of a good or service
Gross domestic product (GDP) is ________. a measure of conventional economic activity, with positive nonmonetary influences added and negative nonmonetary impacts subtracted the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country all the resources necessary to produce ecosystem services the willingness of consumers to pay for ecosystem services the cost of services minus the economic value of enhancements or degradation to the environment
the total monetary value of goods and services produced by a country
When does the equilibrium price of a product (good or service) occur? when the demand for the product is greater than supply when the supply of the product is stable when the demand for a product is stable when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product
when the supply of the product is equal to the demand for the product
What does the blue graph line represent? the equilibrium supply the price of a good or service the supply of a good or service the demand for a product or service
the supply of a good or service
Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one-third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (EWRA) of 1986 requires the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade. The overall goal is to have no more net loss of wetlands. EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Pontchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana. According to the scenario, if the United States continues to lose wetlands at current rates, in approximately what year would the country run out of wetlands? 2100 2800 4522 3800 2180
3800
Based on the information in the graph, which argument would be most effective in convincing the policymakers to maintain support of the treaties? The model simulations show that statistical uncertainty about recovering ozone in the future shrinks over time, suggesting that it is important to maintain current bans on CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances. Model simulations predict that stratospheric ozone concentrations are unlikely to fully recover; therefore, it is critical to maintain current bans on CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances. Although models forecast full recovery of ozone by 2060, reaching this target depends on the maintenance of existing treaties that ban CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances. Data on the graph show that full ozone recovery has already occurred; however, continued success relies on sustained support for bans on CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances.
Although models forecast full recovery of ozone by 2060, reaching this target depends on the maintenance of existing treaties that ban CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances.
Based on the information in the graph, which statement accurately describes the change in ozone levels measured after the Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987? Although ozone levels stabilized after the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, recent measurements have yet to exceed pre-treaty levels. Ozone levels measured in Antarctica have consistently increased in each decade following the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987. Measurements in the last decade reveal that ozone in the stratosphere has been completely restored to pre-treaty levels from the mid-1900s. Recent measurements indicate that there is still a consistent loss of ozone in the atmosphere, even after the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987.
Although ozone levels stabilized after the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, recent measurements have yet to exceed pre-treaty levels.
Which statement is correct concerning international law? View Available Hint(s) An example of customary law is the idea that no nation should use its resources in ways that adversely affect its neighbors. All international law is established by treaties between nations. Customary law is more easily enforced and binding than conventional law. Being a good neighbor, the United States ratified the Kyoto treaty with Japan and the United Kingdom to limit carbon dioxide emissions.
An example of customary law is the idea that no nation should use its resources in ways that adversely affect its neighbors.
Recent studies have examined the relationship between a society's quality of life or "happiness", and its resource use as measured by its ecological footprint. When the values for these measures were graphed for a large number of nations on one figure, it indicated that happiness increased with increased resource use up to a certain point (the point at which people's basic life needs were met). What trend do you think appeared in these data as resource use continued to increase? As resource use increased, happiness level leveled off As resource use increased, happiness level increased correspondingly As resource use increased, happiness level decreased correspondingly
As resource use increased, happiness level leveled off
Which federal agency determines the cost of leasing public land for fossil fuel extraction? Department of Interior National Parks Service Department of Energy Forest Service
Department of Interior
For environmental scientists, the ability to make accurate projections or predictions into the future is important. For lack of a crystal ball, researchers must instead build statistical models, which use existing scientific data to make mathematical predictions about what may happen in the future. One of the most important components of statistical models is the notion of statistical uncertainty, or the estimate of how much variability there could be between actual measurements and the estimates predicted by the model. Recall from the graph in Part B that the red line represents actual, observed ozone concentrations, averaged from data collected by multiple satellite and ground-based sources. The blue dashed line shows what the predicted ozone concentration would be based on simulations from many models. Lastly, the gray shading shows statistical uncertainty of the models. Using the information from the graph in Part B, which statement accurately describes the statistical uncertainty of the mean percent change in stratospheric ozone concentration based on model simulations? There was high statistical uncertainty surrounding what the models predicted and the most recent observed ozone data; however, future simulations show much less statistical uncertainty. In general, the graph shows that the statistical uncertainty of the model simulations gets smaller over time. In general, the graph shows that the statistical uncertainty of the model simulations is greatest surrounding future projections of global ozone concentrations later this century. You cannot determine statistical uncertainty based on the data shown in this graph.
In general, the graph shows that the statistical uncertainty of the model simulations is greatest surrounding future projections of global ozone concentrations later this century.
Which of the following is in the correct chronological order from first to most recent? Montreal Protocol, Paris climate deal, Kigali deal Montreal Protocol, Kigali deal, Paris climate deal Kigali deal, Paris climate deal, Montreal Protocol Paris climate deal, Montreal Protocol, Kigali deal
Montreal Protocol, Paris climate deal, Kigali deal
Which of the following is true? The Kigali and Paris deals have the same goal in mind while the Montreal deal has a different goal. The Montreal, Paris and Kigali deals all have the same goal in mind. The Montreal, Paris and Kigali deals all have different goals. The Montreal and Paris deals have the same goal in mind while the Kigali deal has a different goal.
The Montreal, Paris and Kigali deals all have different goals.
Torres-Porras supported his hypothesis that the tragedy of the commons is influencing populations of red deer. His results showed the predicted demographic differences between the fenced and unfenced populations of red deer. Recall that underlying his hypothesis is the assumption that hunter behavior differs between fenced and unfenced estates. Differences in hunting behavior would affect red deer population demographics. If Torres-Porras could show evidence that hunters do behave differently in fenced estates versus unfenced states, that would provide further support for his hypothesis that the tragedy of the commons is influencing the populations. Suppose that Torres-Porras decides to perform a second study where he will survey hunters to assess their behavior. He wrote 8 survey questions, but he wants you to select the 4 best questions. (The survey should be short so that hunters will be more likely to take it.) Select the 4 best questions to include in the survey. Be sure to avoid: Questions that are not strongly related to the predictions or hypothesis Questions that are complex or confusing Questions that directly ask participants about the hypothesis Questions with biased language
On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a female deer when you encounter one?( harvest female deer) On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with short antlers when you encounter one? (harvest male deer, short antlers) On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very little control and 10 is a great deal of control, how much control do you feel you have over the population of deer where you hunt? (control over population of deer) On a scale of 1 to 10, where 1 is very unlikely and 10 is very likely, how likely are you to harvest a male deer with long antlers when you encounter one? (male with long antlers)
To help deal with situations in which tragedy of the commons is occurring, governments enact laws. For example, during a drought, governments may limit the amount of water that individuals can use. Would government regulation help with the red deer populations in Spain? How can these survey results inform lawmakers? Given these results, what is the best hunting regulation the government could enact in order to increase the harvest of male red deer with long antlers in unfenced populations? Pass a law that restricts the harvesting of all male deer. Pass a law that restricts harvesting young male deer. Pass a law that outlaws hunting. Pass a law that restricts harvesting mature male deer. Pass a law that restricts harvesting young female deer. Revoke the existing laws that regulate the hunting of red deer.
Pass a law that restricts harvesting young male deer.
What is the title of the book by Rachel Carson that refers to the absence of birdsongs due to the poisoning of birds by pesticides? View Available Hint(s) The Land Ethic Our Stolen Future Silent Spring A Sand County Almanac
Silent Spring
Which of the following is true? The Kigali deal is an amendment to the Paris climate deal. The Paris climate deal and the Kigali deal are not connected to each other. The Paris climate deal and the Kigali deal are essentially the same thing. The Paris climate deal is an amendment to the Kigali deal.
The Paris climate deal and the Kigali deal are not connected to each other.
According to the graph's data for lead and MTBE use, from 1992 to 2000 lead emissions ________ and MTBE consumption _________. declined nearly 100%; increased nearly 200% declined nearly 200%; increased nearly 200% declined nearly 50%; increased nearly 100% declined nearly 100%; increased nearly 100%
declined nearly 100%; increased nearly 200%
The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________. fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples provide ease of banking for multinational corporations fund international environmental studies of issues such as pollution and global warming help weak governments by loaning money to heads of state for military infrastructure fund international projects for developed nations, including dams on international rivers, multicountry irrigation projects, and the spraying of herbicides and insecticides
fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples
Torres-Porras supported his hypothesis. There were 3 major demographic differences that he found between the fenced and unfenced estates. There were a greater proportion of males in fenced estates compared to unfenced estates. When considering just the males in each population, there were a greater proportion of young males in unfenced estates compared to fenced estates. The males in fenced estates had larger antlers on average compared to males in unfenced estates. Scientists communicate their research by publishing papers in scientific journals. These journals are known as primary literature. A scientist will submit a paper to the journal, and other scientists will decide if the research meets the high standards necessary for publication. When Torres-Porras published his research, he needed to make the best possible graphs to represent the results from his study. Select the 3 graphs that best represent the results from the experiment. Drag a check mark to each graph that should be included. Drag an X to each graph that should not be included.
graph 1: X graph 2: checkmark graph 3: checkmark graph 4: X graph 5: checkmark graph 6: X
A company that produces household cleaners decides to produce a "green" version of its products, even though the formulas are virtually unchanged compared to the original formulas. This is an example of __________. View Available Hint(s) ecofeminism whitewashing ecolabeling greenwashing
greenwashing
Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one-third of the loss is due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency Wetlands Resources Act of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade. The overall goal is to have no more net loss of wetlands. In the past 5 years, money for flood control projects in Louisiana has been cut dramatically. During that time, two simulations, one of a category 4 hurricane and one of a category 5 hurricane, indicated catastrophic damage and loss of life along the Gulf Coast. The levees were predicted to break, and massive flooding to occur, in part due to the loss of the sheltering wetlands. Wetlands in the United States ________. have decreased due to human development have decreased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes have stayed about the same over the past 40 years have increased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes have increased due to human development
have decreased due to human development
