Chapter 5 Example Questions

A burn that destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as A) first-degree. B) second-degree. C) third-degree. D) fourth-degree. E) full-thickness.

A) first-degree.

The pale crescent area of the nail is called the A) nail root. B) nail bed. C) lunula. D) free edge. E) cuticle.

C) lunula.

Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane? A) gap junctions B) CAMs C) tight junctions D) connexons E) hemidesmosomes

E) hemidesmosomes

The lipid in oil glands is released through which type of secretion? A) eccrine B) apocrine C) merocrine D) endocrine E) holocrine

E) holocrine

Modified and specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called ________ glands. A) ceruminous B) apocrine sweat C) sebaceous D) merocrine sweat E) mammary

E) mammary

The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the A) stratum corneum. B) stratum lucidum. C) stratum basale. D) stratum granulosum. E) stratum spinosum.

D) stratum granulosum.

Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from ________. A) discoloration B) melanocyte activity C) albinism D) ultraviolet radiation E) keratin production

D) ultraviolet radiation

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight. A) vitamin D2 B) vitamin C C) vitamin E D) vitamin D3 E) vitamin A

D) vitamin D3

When the arrector pili muscles contract, A) "goose bumps" are formed. B) hairs are shed. C) sweat is released from sweat glands. D) shivering occurs. E) the skin changes color.

A) "goose bumps" are formed.

________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow. A) Carotene B) Melanin C) Sebum D) Cerumen E) Cyanosis

A) Carotene

A "rug burn," which scrapes the skin, is an example of a(n) A) abrasion. B) laceration. C) puncture. D) incision. E) contusion.

A) abrasion.

Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber? A) provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury B) helps cushion a light blow to the head C) protects the scalp from UV light D) helps prevent the entry of foreign particles E) provides protection for the surface of the eye

A) provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury

Functions of the skin include A) regulating body temperature. B) synthesizing antibodies. C) producing adipose tissue. D) synthesizing digestive enzymes. E) release of large amounts of hormones.

A) regulating body temperature.

The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the ________. A) stratum corneum B) stratum lucidum C) stratum basale D) stratum granulosum E) stratum spinosum

C) stratum basale

Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands. A) ceruminous B) apocrine sweat C) sebaceous D) merocrine sweat E) mammary

A) ceruminous

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the A) dermis. B) epidermis. C) hypodermis. D) epidermis and dermis E) subcutaneous layer

A) dermis.

Which type of burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters? A) first-degree B) second-degree C) third-degree D) full-thickness E) fourth-degree

A) first-degree

In albinism, ________ is lacking. A) melanin B) keratin C) carotene D) keratinocytes E) collagen

A) melanin

The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of ________ production. A) melanin B) keratinocyte C) carotene D) keratin E) melanocyte

A) melanin

Through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body? A) conduction B) evaporation C) convection D) radiation E) diffusion

B) evaporation

During the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called? A) keloid B) granulation tissue C) scar tissue D) scab E) sebum

B) granulation tissue

Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae? A) increase storage of nutrients in the digestive tract B) increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis C) increase sensory reception D) increase secretion of milk in specialized integumentary glands E) increase large reserves of lipids in adipose tissue

B) increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis

The hypodermis A) provides mechanical strength to the skin. B) is quite elastic. C) is highly vascular. D) is composed of strata with various functions. E) contains a variety of sensory receptors.

B) is quite elastic.

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called ________. A) melanin B) keratin C) carotene D) dermicidin E) calcitriol

B) keratin

The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from A) nonpigmented epithelial cells. B) melanocytes. C) pigmented basal cells. D) nonpigmented dermal cells. E) keratinocytes.

B) melanocytes.

Thick skin can be found on the A) back. B) palms. C) legs. D) arms. E) chest.

B) palms.

Merocrine sweat glands A) are most common in the axillary and inguinal regions of the body. B) respond primarily to elevated body temperature. C) respond only in times of stress. D) are active only in areas of dense hair. E) are absent in the palms and soles.

B) respond primarily to elevated body temperature.

The ________ layer of the skin contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin. A) germinative B) reticular C) subcutaneous D) papillary E) corneal

B) reticular

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface, A) they divide. B) they die. C) their nutrient supply increases. D) they enter the dermis. E) they produce daughter cells.

B) they die.

Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle? A) There is an abundance of capillaries in the hypodermis. B) The hypodermis is highly innervated. C) There are no vital organs in the region. D) Both elastic fibers and collagen fibers are present. E) The presence of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels help local tissues defend and repair themselves.

C) There are no vital organs in the region.

The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is A) a boil. B) a carbuncle. C) acne. D) a blister. E) a freckle.

C) acne.

In other mammals, the ________ glands function as scent glands, providing an important form of communication. A) eccrine B) sebaceous C) apocrine D) mammary E) merocrine

C) apocrine

The glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called ________ glands. A) ceruminous B) mucous C) apocrine D) sebaceous E) merocrine

C) apocrine

The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup. A) biliverdin B) keratin C) carotene D) melanin E) bilirubin

C) carotene

Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in A) defending of local tissues after infection. B) providing nutrients and oxygen to the skin. C) controlling blood flow to the dermis and epidermis. D) repairing tissue after injury. E) removing carbon dioxide and waste products.

C) controlling blood flow to the dermis and epidermis.

The dermis is composed largely of ________. A) adipose B) fluid connective C) dense irregular connective D) muscle E) neural

C) dense irregular connective

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane? A) epidermis, hypodermis, dermis B) dermis, epidermis, hypodermis C) epidermis, dermis, hypodermis D) hypodermis, dermis, epidermis E) dermis, hypodermis, dermis

C) epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the A) epidermis or dermis. B) epidermis or subcutaneous layer. C) hypodermis or subcutaneous layer. D) integument or dermis. E) epidermis or superficial fascia.

C) hypodermis or subcutaneous layer.

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n) ________. A) granulation tissue B) scab C) keloid D) callus E) abrasion

C) keloid

The type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a(n) A) first-degree burn. B) second-degree burn. C) third-degree burn. D) partial-thickness burn. E) semi-partial-thickness burn.

C) third-degree burn.

The skin is also called the ________ membrane. A) serous B) mucous C) synovial D) cutaneous E) peritoneal

D) cutaneous

The fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the A) body. B) bed. C) root. D) cuticle. E) free edge.

D) cuticle.

When the body is overheated, the skin responds by A) decreasing melanin production. B) losing oxygen to surrounding tissues. C) constricting blood vessels. D) dilating blood vessels. E) increasing keratin production.

D) dilating blood vessels.

The walls of each hair follicle contain all the cell layers found in which of the following? A) hypodermis B) dermis C) subcutaneous layer D) epidermis E) basement membrane

D) epidermis

Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands A) is more than 99 percent water. B) contains electrolytes and waste products, such as urea. C) helps to cool the surface of the skin when it evaporates. D) is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin. E) contain astringent compounds that contract the skin and its sweat gland pores.

D) is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin.

Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells. A) water; blood B) water; lipids C) oils; alcohol D) oils; lipid-soluble solvents E) sebum; water

D) oils; lipid-soluble solvents

A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it ________. A) increases blood flow in the dermis B) stimulates the synthesis of photoreceptor pigments in the eye C) constricts blood vessels in the dermis D) stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis E) adjusts overall gland secretion rates in the body

D) stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis

The nail ________ covers the nail bed. A) root B) body C) lunula D) cuticle E) eponychium

B) body

The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function? A) prevent damage to the tissue B) nourish the epidermis C) provide flexibility D) provide sensory information E) increase surface area of the dermis

A) prevent damage to the tissue

The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the A) stratum corneum. B) stratum lucidum. C) stratum basale. D) stratum granulosum. E) stratum spinosum.

A) stratum corneum.

The subcutaneous layer consists of A) epithelial and adipose tissues. B) areolar and adipose tissues. C) dense connective and loose connective tissues. D) epithelium and loose connective tissues. E) skeletal muscles and adipose tissue.

B) areolar and adipose tissues.

Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the A) dermis. B) epidermis. C) hypodermis. D) subcutaneous layer. E) integument as a whole.

B) epidermis.

When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis? A) The blood supply to the skin increases. B) The number of red melanocytes in the skin increases. C) Melanocytes increase production of red pigments. D) The blood supply to the skin decreases. E) Increased heat causes the skin to turn red.

D) The blood supply to the skin decreases.

What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis? A) dense, regular connective tissue B) stratified squamous epithelium C) reticular connective tissue D) areolar connective tissue E) dense, irregular connective tissue

D) areolar connective tissue

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light A) can result in increased numbers of melanocytes forming in the skin. B) can result in decreased melanin production by melanocytes. C) can cause destruction of vitamin D3. D) can slowly increase melanocyte activity. E) has no effect on the skin cells.

D) can slowly increase melanocyte activity.

Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum A) 3, 5, 4, 1, 2 B) 3, 4, 1, 5, 2 C) 2, 1, 4, 5, 3 D) 2, 4, 5, 3, 1 E) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3

E) 2, 5, 4, 1, 3

What is the function of melanin? A) It provides water-resistant properties to the integument. B) It continuously divides to replace cells that are lost or shed at the epithelial surface. C) It is converted by the kidneys into the hormone calcitriol. D) It is required for the normal maintenance of epithelial cells. E) It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.

E) It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.

Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person? A) The hair is thinner in the elderly. B) There are fewer melanocytes in the skin of a younger person. C) The blood supply to the dermis is reduced in the skin of a young person. D) Bone strength decreases in the elderly. E) Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.

E) Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.

Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer? A) melanoma B) cyanosis C) squamous cell carcinoma D) albinism E) basal cell carcinoma

E) basal cell carcinoma

The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis. A) cervical B) mesenteric C) brachial D) celiac E) cutaneous

E) cutaneous

Shafts of hair are comprised of A) living keratinized dermal cells. B) dead keratinized dermal cells. C) keratinized adipose cells. D) living keratinized epidermal cells. E) dead keratinized epidermal cells.

E) dead keratinized epidermal cells.

Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called ________. A) epidermal ridges B) strata C) reticular layers D) accessory structures E) dermal papillae

E) dermal papillae

The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the A) epidermis. B) subcutaneous layer. C) stratum basale. D) stratum corneum. E) dermis.

E) dermis.

During skin repair, most of the scab consists of an insoluble network of ________, a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response. A) keratin B) dermicidin C) melanin D) collagen E) fibrin

E) fibrin

Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure? A) hair root B) cuticle of the hair C) medulla of the hair D) cortex of the hair E) hair matrix

E) hair matrix