Chapter 5: Histology

Because of _______, adjacent cells can resist being pulled apart.

desmosomes,

The excitable cells of the nervous system are called ________.

neurons.

________ tissue usually has more matrix than cells. Some forms of this are bone, adipose, and blood.

Connective

A _________ receives signals from other cells.

dendrite

Metaplasia

1. Mature tissue changed to another type of mature tissue. 2. a bladder stone causes transitional epithelium to turn into squamous cells. 3. acid reflux causes esophageal squamous cells to turn into columnar cells. Examples: 1. Endodermal cells giving rise to the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach's internal lining. 2. The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of a smoker's bronchi turning into stratified squamous epithelium. 3. The mesenchyme turning into muscle tissue. 4. Normal liver tissue is converted to abnormal fibrous tissue due to alcoholism. 5. Ectodermal cells giving rise to nervous tissue

Neoplasia

1. abnormal, non-functioning tissue. 2. tumor cells.

Gap Junctions

1. allows the passage of ions from one cell to another. 2. allows electrical stimulation to pass from cell to cell. 3. comprised of connexons.

Epithelial Tissue

1. always avascular: cells receive nutrients from deeper tissue layers. 2. lines surfaces and cavities. 3. compromise glandular tissues 4. composed of squamous, cuboidal, or columnar shape cells. 5. always maintains a basement membrane and an apical(free) surface. 6. cells are sometimes well-adapted for secretory and absorptive functions.

Hyaline Cartilage

1. attaches the ribs to the sternum (breastbone). 2. provides a low-friction surface for ease of joint movement. 3. holds open passages so we can breathe.

Hyperplasia

1. cells grow in number 2. most childhood tissues grow this way. 3. achieved via cell division.

Hypertrophy

1. cells grow in size. 2. muscle tissue grows this way. 3. adipose tissue grows this way.

Differentiation

1. cells of the ectoderm develop into the stratified squamous epithelium of the epidermis. 2. mesenchyme gives rise to bone tissue. 3. stem cells turn into specific mature cells.

Mesoderm

1. cells that carry oxygen. 2. excitable cells of the biceps brachii muscle. 3. the femur. 4. mesenchyme

Fibers

1. contain collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers. 2. responsible for the flexibility of the bone. 3. resists tensile forces.

Embryonic Stem Cells

1. totipotent 2. derived from the inner cell mass. 3. high level of development plasticity.

Skeletal Muscle

1. voluntary 2. moves the skeleton

Fibrocartilage

1. contains connective tissue. 2. visible directional orientation of collagen fibers. 3. found in areas where bones are joined via cartilage. 4. same tissue category as blood. 5. functions to resist shock. 6. larger proportion of extracellular matrix to cells. 7. found in the intervertebral discs. 8. resists compressive forced in the spine.

Cuboidal Tissue

1. contains epithelial tissue 2. located in the kidney tubules 3. secretes/absorbs substances to/from the lumens formed by tissue. 4. exposed to the environment or internal body surface.

Connective tissue

1. contains high levels of extracellular matrix. 2. most abundant form of tissue. 3. serves as a transitional phase between two different tissue types. 4. bone, blood, and fat Functions: 1. supporting the internal frame of the body. 2. energy storage. 3. hormone transport 4. protecting the vital organs. 5. forming the structural framework of the liver. 6. most varied of the tissue types 7. provides support and mechanical protection. 8. provides immune protection.

Desmosome

1. contributes to the cytoskeleton. 2. prevents cells from being pulled apart. 3. the hemi-version prevents cells from being pulled from basement membrane.

Simple Epithelial Tissue

1. every cell touches the basement membrane. 2. allows for rapid diffusion of substances. 3. lines the lumens of the renal tubules of the kidneys.

Ectoderm

1. excitable cells of the brain. 2. superficial cells of the skin 3. spinal cord

Tight Junction

1. forms a water resistance seal between cells. 2. Makes sure intestinal substances pass through the epithelial cells, not between them. 3. comprised of adhesion proteins.

Areolar Tissue

1. forms the basement membrane of epithelia 2. forms the serous membrane of the lungs.

Ground Substance

1. glycosaminoglycans 2. chondroitin 3. hydroxyapatite 4. protects chondrocytes 5. responsible for the stiffness of cartilage.

Elastic Cartilage

1. helps collect sound waves. 2. allows structures to stretch and return to original shape.

Explain the stages of tissue repair by clicking and dragging a word or phrase into the appropriate blank. Then click drag the sentences into chronological order to explain tissue repair. Step 1: Following an injury that breaks the surface of the skin, blood vessels dilate as a result of ________ release from mast cells and other damaged cells. Step 2: Increased ________ to the injury site brings additional antibodies, clotting proteins, and blood cells. Step 3: The blood forms a clot and upon drying, a scab forms a barrier between the body and the environment, while ________ work to clear the underlying debris from the wound site. Step 4: Blood vessels begin to re-grow into the wound while fibroblasts begin the process of replacing the blood clot with ________. Step 5: Proliferation of cells at the perimeter begins the expansion toward the center of the wound until they rise up under the _______ and produce an eventual sloughing event. Step 6:The _________ phase then occurs as fibrosis and regeneration of tissues may continue for a prolonged period of time.

1. histamine 2. blood 3. phagocytes 4. collagen 5. scab 6. remodeling

Smooth Muscle

1. mostly found in the viscera. 2. helps propel contents through a tubular organ.

Adult Stem Cells

1. multipotent 2. one of the products of mitosis in mature cells. 3. unipotent

Fibroblast

1. produces the ground substance of areolar tissue. 2. found in dense regular connective tissue.

Muscular Tissue

1. provides movement of the body segments as well as movements through the body. 2. heavily vascularized, which denotes as high rates of energy consumption. 3. smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. 4. excitable cells thats are cylindrical, branching, or spindled shaped.

Reticular Tissue

1. provides supportive framework for the spleen.

Luekocyte

1. reacts against bacteria. 2. component of fluid connective tissue.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

1. resists tensile forces from one direction. 2. main tissue found in the tendons that help muscles attach to bones. 3. provides a protective enclosure for the viscera.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

1. resists tensile forces from several directions. 2. found in the deeper layer of the skin.

Exocrine

1. secretes enzymes 2. releases products into a duct or onto a surface. 3. goblet cells 4. contains septa, dividing the gland into lobes. 5. sweat glands.

Endocrine

1. secretes hormones 2. releases products into the blood stream. 3. Thyroid gland

Osteoblast

1. secretes hydroxyapatite. 2. found in the femur.

Chondroblast

1. secretes the matrix of hyaline cartilage. 2. associated with the tissue that lines moveable joints.

Stratified Epithelial Tissue

1. some cells rest on the top of other cells. 2. resists abrasion. 3. found on the superficial surface of the skin. 4. found in sweat gland ducts. 5. is sometimes keratinized.

The statements below all pertain to the process of preparing a histological section for observation or examination. Complete each sentence by clicking and dragging the appropriate word into the blank. Then click and drag each sentence to arrange them in chronological order to accurately explain the process. 1. a tissue ________ is obtained by slicing a piece of tissue from the source. 2. then, a chemical is used as a ________ to preserve the specimen and prevent decay. 3. the ________ is mounted on the slide. 4. a _______ is applied to the slide to help visualize the histological structures.

1. specimen 2. fixative 3. section 4. stain

Adipose Tissue

1. stores energy 2. provides thermal insulation

Endoderm

1. the lumenal layer of the digestive tract. 2. mucous membranes. 3. internal lining of the trachea.

Cardiac Muscle

1. they have one nucleus. 2. involuntarily controlled. 3. centrally located nuclei. 4. contains intercalated discs. 5. nucleus surrounded by glycogen

Nervous Tissue

1.functions to provide fast forms of communication. 2. contain neurons. 3. electrically excitable 4. can receive and transmit electrical signals. 5. protected by neuroglia. 6. when excited, the cells shown conduct electrical impulses to other cells. 7. the cells shown are stimulated by changes in membrane potential. 8. includes excitable cells with numerous cellular extensions connecting adjacent cells to one another.

Decide the outcome of the hypothetical situation.

Increase: 1. tissue damage will increase if the epidermis of the skin was composed of non-keratinized tissue. 2. flexibility of the intervertebral discs will increase if the fibrocartilage was replaced with elastic cartilage. 3. the rate of infection will increase if the epidermis was composed of pseudo-stratified epithelium. 4. the vascularity of ligaments increase if they were made of bone. Decrease: 1. diffusion rates of oxygen increase if the alveolar lining of the lungs were made of stratified epithelium. 2. involuntary control digestive motility decrease if the intestines contained skeletal muscle. 3. elasticity of the ears decrease if the elastic cartilage was replaced with bone. 4. protection of the brain decrease if the skull was made by hyaline cartilage.

________ tissue consists of excitable cells that are specialized for ________ and found in the heart.

Muscular, contraction

Which of the following statements is false about epithelial tissue? a. Epithelial tissue is composed of cells and a thick vascular matrix. b. Epithelial cells are typically arranged in layers. c. Epithelial cells do not secrete a ground substance. d. Epithelial cells can be cube or column shaped. e. Epithelial tissue functions in absorption.

a. Epithelial tissue is composed of cells and a thick vascular matrix.

Which of the following is not a function of simple columnar epithelium? a. filtration b. movement of egg through uterine tube. c. secretion of mucus d. absorption e. movement of embryo through uterine tube

a. filtration

During childhood, the liver increases in size as hepatocytes undergo cell division, resulting in a greater number of liver cells. This is an example of which of the following? a. hyperplasia b. hypertrophy c. neoplasia d. hepatoplasia e. none of these is a correct answer

a. hyperplasia

Which of the following are cells found in connective tissue? Check all that apply. a. leukocyte b. muscle fiber c. red blood cell d. neuron e. chondrocyte f. all of the above

a. leukocyte c. red blood cell d. chondrocyte

When glands have dilated, pouch-like endings, they are referred to as ________ glands.

acinar

A liver cell that has outlived its usefulness undergoes _________ and is phagocytized by ________.

apoptosis, macrophages.

A person who is bedridden for long periods of time could suffer from disuse ________ in the muscles.

atrophy

Which of the following is a mode of tissue death? Check all that apply. a. metaplasia b. atrophy c. apoptosis d. necrosis e. infarction

b. atrophy c. apoptosis d. necrosis e. infarction

Which of the following is a place where you might find non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? Check all that apply a. epidermis of the skin b. esophagus c. vagina d. trachea of the respiratory tract e. endothelium of arteries. f. all of the above

b. esophagus c. vagina

Tissue found in the _______ that contains ________ cells is called nervous tissue.

brain, excitable

Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of cells is called __________. a. columnar b. simple c. stratified d. pseudostratified e. squamous

c. stratified

The bodies ________ are lined with ________.

cavities, membranes

Glands that have a branched duct are known as _________.

compound

The largest membrane of the body, the ________ membrane provides a protective barrier from environmental factors such as chemicals, water, microbes, and mechanical trauma.

cutaneous membrane

Which of the following is not part of a neuron? a. neurosoma b. dendrite c. axon d. neuroglia e. these are all parts of a neuron

d. neuroglia

Which of the following is not a component of a mucus membrane? a. goblet cells b. epithelium c. lamina propia d. serosa e. muscularis

d. serosa

Which of the following is not a primary tissue type? a. connective b. nervous c. muscle d. epithelium e. bone

e. bone

From which primary germ layer is the epidermis of the skin derived? a. the epidermis is derived from all three primary germ layers. b. mesoderm c. endoderm d. mesenchyme e. ectoderm

e. ectoderm

The brain and spinal cord are composed of tissue that arises from _______.

ectoderm

Glands that have lost contact with a body surface are called __________, and secrete their products into capillary rich interstitial spaces for quick distribution throughout the body.

endocrine

Epithelial cells can resist being pulled away from their _______ because of ________.

endocrine, hemidesmosomes

Layers of closely packed cells that are found covering or lining body surfaces, as in the ________ of the skin, are called ________ tissue.

epidermis, epithelial

All three primary germ layers give rise to _______.

epithelium

Tissues whose cells are most susceptible to stimuli that change the membrane potential are called __________.

excitable tissues

The general term for glands that secrete their products directly into ducts is __________.

exocrine

Which of the following are components of the matrix of connective tissue? a. fibroblasts b. collagen fibers c. proteoglycans d. ground substance e. lacuna f. all of the above

f. all of the above

Which of the following is/are components of a membrane? Check all that apply. a. epithelium b. lamina propia c. connective tissue d. bone e. neurons f. all of the above

f. all of the above

Which of the following statements is/are true about stem cells? Check all that apply. a. Embryonic stem cells are specific and each can only develop into one type of cell.Embryonic stem cells are specific and each can only develop into one type of cell. b. Totipotent stem cells can develop into any type of human cell. c. Adult stem cells undergo mitosis in the process of differentiating into mature cells. d. The number of times a stem cell undergoes mitosis is called plasticity. e. The cells that give rise to sperm and egg cells are unipotent stem cells. f. all of the above.

f. all of the above

Which of the following can be considered a function and/or property associated with the excitability of cells? Check all that apply. a. the ability to make a cell shorter than its resting length b. the ability of one cell to transmit electrical signals to another cell. c. protein synthesis d. the ability to convert glucose and oxygen to ATP. e. the ability to create movement of a bone relative to another bone f. all of the above.

f. all of the above.

Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissue? Check all that apply. a. protection b. transport c. absorption d. sensation e. structure building f. all of the above

f. all of the above.

Which of the following statements regarding epithelial structure and function is/are true? Check all that apply. a. Simple squamous epithelium allows for rapid diffusion. b. The keratin present on simple cuboidal epithelium protects from water loss. c. The microvilli on simple columnar epithelium helps to maximize absorption. d. The keratin on the esophageal stratified squamous epithelium helps to moisten the lumenal surface for swallowing. e. Transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder can change shape to accommodate bladder wall stretching. f. all of the above

f. all of the above.

Diabetic neuropathies can result in injuries, of which the patient is unaware. Left untreated, this can lead to dry _________.

gangrene

A loss of blood flow to cardiac muscle can cause a(n) ________ or sudden death of tissue.

infarction

Muscle, bone, and blood all emerge from ________, which is derived from the _______ layer.

mesenchyme, mesoderm

The lining of the lumenal surface of the digestive tract is called the __________ membrane.

mucous

Consisting of an epithelium, a lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae, a __________ membrane lines passageways of the body, such as those of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

mucous membrane

The ________ of the digestive tract emerges from the _______.

mucous membrane, endoderm.

Cells of the ______ can contract without chemical synapses because of ______ junctions.

myocardium, gap

A fractured bone can leave a segment without a blood supply, causing avascular ________, or tissue death from trauma.

necrosis

The _________ are the most numerous cells of nervous tissue.

neuroglia

The body of a neuron is called the _________.

neurosoma

After the egg is fertilized, the first tissues that appear are called the________.

primary germ layers

Neuroglia function to ________ and assist neurons.

protect

The superficial layers of the visceral organs are lined with the __________ membrane.

serous

Consisting of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue , a _________ membrane lines the inside of some body cavities and produces a thin, watery secreti

serous membrane

Exocrine glands that are devoid of branches are referred to as ________ glands.

simple

Epithelial cells of the _________ are held together by _______ junctions, which prevent lumenal contents from leaking between cells.

small intestine, tight

The capsule that encloses the knee joint is lined with a _________ membrane.

synovial

A _________ membrane serves as a wrapping around largely mobile joints and secretes synovial fluid that serves to lubricate joint movement.

synovial membrane

Glands often have secretory cells located in the duct as well as the acinus. These are referred to as __________ glands.

tubuloacinar