Chapter 5 - Learning and Conditioning
True
Fergus Lowe's research suggests that humans without language skills will show more typical FI schedules performances
A fixed amount of time has to pass before a response can be reinforced
Fixed interval (FI) schedule:
Individual has to perform a fixed number of responses for the delivery of each reinforcer
Fixed ratio (FR) schedule:
FR
"Break and run" is a term most likely associated with _____ schedules
True
As the IRI becomes longer, the PRP increases
fixed ratio
A _____ schedule requires a set number of responses for each reinforcement
variable-interval
A _____ schedule requires that an average time interval must pass before a response is reinforced
continuous
A ______ schedule of reinforcement is one in which each response is reinforced.
ratio strain
A disruption is responding due to an overly demanding schedule is technically known as
schedule induced behavior
A molecular interpretation of the post reinforcement pause would likely focus on:
FI
A pause reliably occurs after reinforcement on a _____ schedule
False
A professor gives unannounced quizzes throughout the semester. This is an example of a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement since the student can earn points on the quizzes.
True
A rule that specifies the conditions under which an operant response is reinforced is called a schedule of reinforcement
a variable ratio 20 schedule
A schedule that is made up of a series of alternately presented ratio schedules with the following response requirements, 5 responses, 10 responses, 20 responses, 25 responses, and 40 responses, would be best described as:
fixed interval
A schedule where a set time interval must pass before a response is reinforced is called:
continuous
A useful schedule of reinforcement to use when first shaping a new behavior is a(n) _____ schedule.
considerable experience on FI schedules
After ______ organisms occasionally show a "break and run" pattern of behavior:
True
Baum (2010) has argued that IRT regulators at the molecular levels will be of little applied significance or use
refers to behavior that persists or continues in the presence of a stimulus for reinforcement despite disruptive factors
Behavioral momentum:
interval
Consider the following example: "A rat receives a pellet for the first response after 5 minutes regardless of how often they press the lever." This is an example of a(n) ____ schedule.
generates little resistance to extinction
Continuous reinforcement:
a graph representing the passage of time and the accumulated number of responses
Cumulative recorder:
only (a) and (b) produce an inefficient high, steady rate of response produce an inefficient low rate
Dr. Fergus Lowe has conducted numerous studies of fixed-interval performance with humans. In these experiments, participants press a button to obtain points that are later exchanged for money. Although animals develop characteristic pattern of fixed-interval, adult humans do not. Instead people ________.
reflects the influence of language
Dr. Fergus Lowe has conducted numerous studies of fixed-interval performance with humans. In these experiments, participants press a button to obtain points that are later exchanged for money. Although animals develop characteristic pattern of fixed-interval, adult humans do not. Lowe has suggested that this occurs because schedule performance in humans:
molar
Employees working for their pay and students working for teacher attention are more likely to interact with _____ contingencies.
True
Extinction is slower to weaken behavior following partial reinforcement training than after continuous reinforcement training
environmental contingencies
From a behavioral analysis standpoint, a child working hard to achieve good grades is caused by ______.
increases
Generally speaking, on a ratio schedule, as rate of response increases, rate of reinforcement:
is unaffected
Generally speaking, on an interval schedule, as rate of response increases, rate of reinforcement:
ratio; shorter; higher; interval
Generally, _______ schedules produce ______ IRTs and consequently ______ rates of response than ______ schedules.
False
Human infants who are not verbally skilled show FI schedule performances that not are in accord with the contingencies of an FI schedule
False
Humans with verbal ability respond on schedules the same ways as non-humans.
ratio strain
If you abruptly move an animal from CRF to a very large ratio schedule, the animal will produce longer and longer pauses after reinforcement. Eventually, the organism may stop responding, this is called:
True
In FI and FR schedules, the slight hesitation in responding, which occurs immediately after receiving reinforcement, is called the post reinforcement pause
often
In the everyday environment, operant behavior is ______ reinforced on an intermittent basis.
VR
Many contingencies set by games of chance are similar to:
ratio strain
Increasing the number of responses required in a ratio schedule of reinforcement too quickly often results in a stereotyped pattern of behavior that includes emotional responding and a failure to perform the required behavior. This pattern of behavior is referred to as:
partial reinforcement effect
Infrequent reinforcement generates responding that is persistent, which is called the:
False
Interval schedules produce considerably higher rates of responding than do ratio schedules
False
Long IRTs are differentially reinforced on ratio schedules
are concerned with large scale factors that may occur over the length of an entire session
Molar approaches to schedule control:
the correlation between responses and reinforcement
Molar explanations of rate differences on interval and ratio schedules would be concerned with:
focus on small moment to moment relationships between behavior and its consquences
Molecular approaches to schedule control:
Variable
Noah is practicing his hitting for tomorrow's baseball game. On the first pitch, he swings and hits a home run. However, he struggles with the next few swings before he has another good hit. He has to try several swings before any good hit. Which type of reinforcement schedule describes Noah's situation?
become longer as one stretches out (increases) the ratio
On FR schedules, post reinforcement pauses
every operant required by the contingency is reinforced
On a CRF schedule of reinforcement:
False
On a cumulative record, a steep slope is to a slow rate of responding as a shallow slope is to a fast rate of responding
a fixed number of responses
On a fixed ratio schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon
one-half
On a fixed-interval schedule, the post reinforcement pause is approximately _____ the length of the inter-reinforcement interval.
one-half of the inter reinforcement interval
On fixed-interval schedules, where time between reinforcement is controlled by the experimenter, the post reinforcement pause is approximately:
FR 10
On which of the following schedules would you expect to see a 'break-and-run' pattern of responding?
steady state
Once behavior has stabilized on a schedule, showing little change from day, the organism's behavior is said to have reached:
a limited hold
Online farming games often require the player to return after a certain amount of time to collect their crop. If the player fails to check their crop within the specified amount of time after it is ready for harvest, the crop will rot and no longer "pay" when harvested. This is an example of:
stretching the ratio
Over a period of a few weeks, Samuel changed from complying with each of his father's requests to complying with every other request, then every third request. Samuel's behavior of complying with the requests resembles
the partial reinforcement effect
People and other animals are much more persistent on a task when they have been reinforced on a schedule that pays off occasionally. This persistence is especially pronounced during extinction and is called:
the value of a reinforcer
Progressive-Ratio (PR) schedules are frequently used to evaluate:
True
Ritalin (methyphenidate) has been shown to have similar reinforcement efficacy as d-amphetamine at some the assessed doses.
FI
Scalloping is a term associated with _____ schedules.
A rule that specifies the conditions necessary for the reinforcement of the operant response
Schedule of reinforcement:
interval schedules
Schedules combining time and responses are called:
True
Short IRTs are differentially reinforced on ratio schedules
moderate and steady responding, with no or few pauses after reinforcement
The pattern of responses generated on variable-interval schedule and observed on a cumulative record is best described as:
The outcome that partial or intermittent reinforcement produces more persistence in responding during extinction than does continuous reinforcement
The PRE:
breakpoint
The ______ for a drug indicates how much operant behavior a given drug will maintain at a given dose
all of these different species different behaviors different types of reinforcement
The assumption of generality implies that the effect of contingencies of reinforcement extend over:
the breakpoint where the organism fails to complete the schedule requirement
The critical measure of progressive-ratio (PR) schedules is typically:
the relation between response rate and reinforcement rate on ratio versus interval schedules
The feedback function of schedule performance refers to:
breakpoint
The highest ratio requirement completed on a PR schedule of reinforcement is designated as
the passage of time
The horizontal displacement on the X axis on a cumulative record represents:
resurgence
The increase in topographic variability observed during extinction following a period of reinforcement is referred to as
True
The occasional occurrence of a reinforcer right after another reinforcer reduces the likelihood of pausing on a VR schedule.
that introducing of extinction after continuous reinforcement involves a more noticeable change in the contingencies of reinforcement (the change in conditions is easy to discriminate) for the participant than introducing extinction after partial reinforcement
The partial reinforcement effect has been explained as being due to
a rapid run of responses, a pause following reinforcement, then another run of responses
The pattern of responses generated on a fixed-ratio schedule and observed on a cumulative record is best described as:
steady high rate of response with few or no pauses after reinforcement
The pattern of responses generated on a variable-ratio schedule and observed on a cumulative record is best described as:
none of these are correct the organism is eating the reinforcer the organism is resting the organism is learning the contingency
The pause is responding after reinforcement occurs because:
pausing to consume the reinforcer
The post-reinforcement pause is not caused by:
False
The rate of responding determines the rate at which reinforcers are obtained on interval schedules, T or F?
False
The scallop is a pattern of responding seen in the fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
fixed interval
The schedule produces a cumulative response pattern that is upwardly curved, a scallop.
an operant
The time between any two responses, or what is called the inter response time (IRT), may be treated as:
variable ratio
This schedule generally produces a high rate of response with little or no post reinforcement pause
fixed interval
This schedule produces a high rate of response along with a pause following the attainment of each reinforcer and then a gradual transition into an accelerating rate of responding up until the next reinforcement delivery.
variable interval
This schedule produces a slow to moderate, steady rate of response with little or no post-reinforcement pause
fixed ratio
This type of schedule produces a high rate of responding, typically accompanied by post reinforcement pauses
True
Timing is to interval schedules as number of responses is to ratio schedules.
True
Under a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement, only one response must be made before reinforcement can be obtained
amount of time required to elapse before a response will be reinforced varies from trial to trial
Variable interval (VI) schedule:
the number of responses required for reinforcement varies from one reinforcer deliver to the next.
Variable ratio (VR) schedule:
True
Verbal behavior can and does serve a discriminate function that alters the effects of other variables such as schedule reinforcement
Fixed interval
Veronica is cooking dinner. She puts a pot roast in the oven, and set she timer for one hour. She checks on the pot roast several times over the hour, but only finds that it is done after the timer goes off, then the only then can she eat. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.
An analysis of behavior perspective discourages speculations and inferences about memory and thought processes
What is the relationship between an analysis of behavior perspective and the organism's memories and thought processes?
the effects of intermittent reinforcement
What is typically called persistence, perseverance, or endurance is best related to:
True
When a schedule of reinforcement is changed from continuous reinforcement to intermittent reinforcement, the rate of reinforcement decreases and the amount of variability seen in the behavior increases
transition state
When an organism is initially placed on a schedule of reinforcement, behavior patterns are not consistent or regular. This early performance on a schedule is called:
ration schedules produce a higher rate of response
When considering ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement:
pause and run
When organisms are reinforced on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, a _______ pattern of behavior develops.
An astronomer who gets a big thrill by trying to count shooting stars
Which of the following individuals is most likely to be on a variable interval schedules of reinforcement?
FR 40
Which of the following schedules would produce the longest pause after each reinforcement?
only (b) and (c) young children pigeons
You would expect "typical" FI performance with the following:
long; interval
_____ IRTs are differentially reinforced on _____ schedules.