Chapter 5 (part one)

Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum: corneum. spinosum. basale. granulosum. lucidum.

basale.

Identify the two major components of the cutaneous membrane. (Module 5.1A) epidermis and subcutaneous layer dermis and the cutaneous plexus dermis and epidermis epidermis and the cutaneous plexus dermis and subcutaneous layer

dermis and epidermis

The keratinocytes are tightly connected with each other by: desmosomes. prekeratin. keratin. elastic fibers. collagen fibers.

desmosomes.

The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the: stratum corneum. stratum basale. stratum spinosum. stratum granulosum. stratum lucidum.

stratum basale.

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except: excretion of salts and wastes. provision of sensation. protection of underlying tissue. maintenance of body temperature. synthesis of vitamin C.

synthesis of vitamin C.

A 32-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with third-degree burns on her entire right leg, entire right arm, and the back of her trunk. Estimate the percentage of her body surface area affected by these burns. (Module 5.5D) 9% 36% 18% 91% 45%

45%

The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers. 1; 2 2; 3 3; 4 4; 5 5; 6

4; 5

While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate? 1 2 3 4 5

5

________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow. Carotene Bilirubin Hemoglobin Melanin Chlorophyll

Carotene

________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system. Merkel Cells Melanocytes Squamous cells Dendritic cells Basal cells

Dendritic cells

What are epidermal derivatives? (Module 5.6A) Epidermal derivatives are chemicals produced by the epidermis, such as heparin and prostaglandins. Epidermal derivatives are pigment molecules produced by the epidermis, including carotene and melanin. Epidermal derivatives are secretions produced by the epidermis, including sweat and sebum. Epidermal derivatives are accessory structures that originate from the epidermis during embryonic development, including hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails. Epidermal derivatives are the different cell types found in the epidermis, including epithelial cells and melanocytes.

Epidermal derivatives are accessory structures that originate from the epidermis during embryonic development, including hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails.

Explain why a healthy 6-month-old might have yellow-orange skin. (Module 5.3E) The child may be developing adipose tissue which has a yellowish tint. The child may have eaten foods with a high amount of carotene causing the pigment to accumulate in the skin making it look yellow-orange. The child may have been outside when it was cold causing vasoconstriction which reduces the pink coloration and makes skin look more yellow-orange. The skin of infants is very thin making it appear yellow-orange. Breastmilk causes the skin to look yellow-orange.

The child may have eaten foods with a high amount of carotene causing the pigment to accumulate in the skin making it look yellow-orange.

Predict the degree of scarring after the healing of a horizontal cut on the forehead just above the eyebrow. (Module 5.4B) The scarring will be minimal because no tension lines run through that area of the body. The scarring will be minimal because the cut is at a right angle to the direction of the tension lines. The scarring will be significant because the cut is at a right angle to the direction of the tension lines. The scarring will be significant because the cut follows the same direction as the tension lines. The scarring will be minimal because the cut follows the same direction as the tension lines.

The scarring will be significant because the cut is at a right angle to the direction of the tension lines.

Describe the layers of the dermis. (Module 5.4A) The superficial papillary layer contains stratified squamous epithelial tissue. The deep reticular layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The superficial reticular layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep papillary layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. The superficial papillary layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. The deep reticular layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The superficial reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. The deep papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The superficial papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

The superficial papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

Compare thin skin with thick skin. (Module 5.2A) Thin skin has only 1 layer and is found on lips, eyelids, and other delicate structures. Thick skin has hundreds of layers and is found all over the body except where thin skin is found. Thin skin has only 1 layer and contains only the epidermis. Thick skin has 2 layers made up of the epidermis and dermis. Thin skin has 4 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Thick skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thin skin contains the epidermis and dermis but not the subcutaneous layer. Thick skin contains the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. Thin skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thick skin has 5 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Thin skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thick skin has 5 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

Which type of burn usually requires skin grafting? Why? (Module 5.5B) Second-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself. Third-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself. First-degree burns because the epidermis is damaged. First-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself. Third-degree burns because the epidermis is damaged.

Third-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself.

Why does exposure to sunlight or sunlamps darken skin? (Module 5.3B) UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin. UV radiation stimulates keratinocytes to produce more keratin. UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melatonin. UV radiation stimulates keratinocytes to produce more carotene. UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin and keratinocytes to produce more keratin.

UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin

What is the most common type of cells in the subcutaneous layer? melanocytes adipocytes fibrocytes fibroblasts keratinocytes

adipocytes

Skin wrinkle and sagging is caused by UV radiation. aging. hormonal changes. all of the choices. none of the choices.

all of the choices.

Central adiposity is strongly associated with: cardiovascular disorders. kidney disorders. liver diseases. lung diseases. reproductive illnesses.

cardiovascular disorders.

Name the two pigments contained in the epidermis. (Module 5.3A) creatinine and melatonin carotene and melatonin keratin and melanin carotene and melanin carnitine and melanoma

carotene and melanin

All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they: produce patterns that are determined genetically. interconnect with the dermal papillae. extend into the dermis. contain increased numbers of free nerve endings. cause ridge patterns on the surface of the skin.

contain increased numbers of free nerve endings.

All of the following can be used in the management of severe burn except skin graft. cell culture. antibiotics. corticosteroids. fluid replacement.

corticosteroids.

The two components of the integumentary system are the: integument and hypodermis. cutaneous membrane and hypodermis. epidermis and dermis. epidermis and superficial fascia. cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

All of the following are true of the pigment melanin except that it is produced by cells called melanocytes. decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun. is usually some shade of brown or black. protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation. is released through melanosomes.

decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.

If the epidermis, dermis, and part of hypodermis are burned, it is classified as full thickness. first degree. partial thickness. second degree. none of the choices.

full thickness.

All of the following are true of the hypodermis except it stores energy reserves. contains many blood vessels. permits independent movement of deeper structures. contains large amounts of adipose tissue. is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.

is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.

All of the following are characteristics of the epidermis except that it is multilayered. is flexible. is self-repairing. serves as UV radiation protection. is vascularized.

is vascularized.

The type of most cells that form the strata in the epidermis are: keratinocytes. dendritic cells. adipocytes. fibroblasts. melanocytes.

keratinocytes.

The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed: melanosome. metastasis. cyanosis. basal cell carcinoma. malignant melanoma.

malignant melanoma.

The ________ in keratinocytes protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight. sebum carotene melanin hemoglobin keratin

melanin

An albino individual lacks the ability to produce: hemoglobin. carotene. keratin. melanin. perspiration.

melanin.

All of the following are derived from epithelial columns except sebaceous glands. hair roots. hair follicles. nails. sweat glands.

nails.

Cyanosis signifies that a patient has oxygen-starved skin. been kept out of the sun. an allergic reaction. been exposed to cyanide. had too much sun.

oxygen-starved skin.

All of the following are functions of accessory structures of integument except protection of skull. sensation of touch. thermoregulation. excretion of sweat. production of skin pigments.

production of skin pigments.

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer. hypodermal papillary reticular epidermal subcutaneous

reticular

From what layer of skin are melanosomes released? stratum basale hypodermis papillary layer of dermis reticular layer of dermis stratum coneum

stratum basale

In which layer of skin are keratinocytes produced? stratum corneum stratum basale stratum spinosum dermis subcutaneous layer

stratum basale

Dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells from the outer layer of skin on the scalp. So, dandruff is composed of cells from which epidermal layer? (Module 5.2C) stratum corneum stratum spinosum stratum basale stratum lucidum stratum granulosum

stratum corneum

Identify the five layers of the epidermis (from superficial to deep). (Module 5.2B) stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum basale, stratum spinosum stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum spinosum stratum basale, stratum granulosum, stratum lucideum, stratum spinosum, stratum corneum

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Insensible perspiration takes place in the: stratum granulosum. stratum spinosum. stratum basale. stratum lucidum. stratum corneum.

stratum corneum.

The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the stratum lucidum. stratum spinosum. stratum basale. stratum granulosum. stratum corneum.

stratum corneum.

A splinter that penetrates to the third layer of epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer? (Module 5.2D) stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum basale stratum lucidum stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except: sweat glands. the epidermis. lamellar corpuscles. hair follicles. sebaceous glands.

the epidermis.

Distinguish among a first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burn. (Module 5.5A) A first-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A second-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A third-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A first-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A first-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A second-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A third-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis.

A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer.

What is the survival rate of a localized malignant melanoma that is detected and removed in the early stages of the cancer? Above 95% 75% 60% 40% less than 20%

Above 95%

Why is basal cell carcinoma considered less dangerous than malignant melanoma? (Module 5.3D) Basal cell carcinoma affects the stratum basale only and will not spread to any other layer, whereas malignant melanoma affects the melanocytes which can be found throughout the epidermis. Basal cell carcinoma only occurs on the face, whereas malignant melanoma can occur anywhere on the body. Basal cell carcinomas rarely become malignant and metastasize, whereas malignant melanoma cells quickly spread throughout the lymphatic system to other organs. Basal cell carcinoma affect the cells of the stratum basale which cannot form tumors, whereas malignant melanoma affects the melanocytes which form cancerous tumors. Basal cell carcinoma only occurs in the elderly, whereas malignant melanoma occurs in children and young adults.

Basal cell carcinomas rarely become malignant and metastasize, whereas malignant melanoma cells quickly spread throughout the lymphatic system to other organs.

________ is a small connective tissue peg that contains nerve endings and blood vessels. Hair matrix Hair medulla Hair bulb Hair papilla Hair cuticle

Hair papilla

Which exocrine glands are in the integument? (Module 5.6B) Sweat glands and sebaceous glands Mucous glands and sebaceous glands Mucous glands and sweat glands Mammary glands and salivary glands Sweat glands and salivary glands

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands

All of the following are correct regarding hair growth cycle except that club hair is shed during follicle reactivation. a hair in the scalp grows for 2 — 5 years. a healthy adult with full head of hair may lose up to 100 hairs each day. during the active phase, the hair grows continuously. the hair becomes club hair during regression phase.

the hair becomes club hair during regression phase.