Chapter 5 (Policing II)
What is meant by the "one plus one" use-of-force standard?
ONE PLUS ONE: "Police are allowed to use one higher level of force than what they are approached with."
Define: "discretion" How does it affect the exercise of police powers?
DISCRETION: "the freedom to choose among different options when confronted with the need to make a decision." --> depending on the seriousness of the incident the PO can use "discretion" to make the correct decision about the course of action.
Define: "discrimination," "bias-free policing," and "racial profiling" Discuss why these are important concepts when studying policing?
DISCRIMINATION: "making a decision about someone based on their GROUP, CLASS, or CATEGORY, instead of individual merit." BIAS-FREE POLICING: "when PO's make decisions based on PROBABLE GROUNDS, rather than a person's stereotypes." RACIAL PROFILING: "targeting of individual members of a group or ethnicity, on the basis of a supposed criminal propensity of the entire group." --> important to understand b/c being racist or judgemental about somones potential criminal behaviour should be based on their activities and behaviour, not their skin colour or background.
Define: "principle of accountability"
PRINCIPLE OF ACCOUNTABILITY: "when PO's are subject to review and held accountable for their actions; provides a formal channel for individuals to lodge complaints against the police."
Define: "search warrants" How have the courts viewed the use of search warrants by police?
SEARCH WARRANT: "a document that permits the police to search a specific location and take items that might be crime evidence." --> SCC has issued search warrants via a JP, and have expanded police boundaries when it comes to emergency situation, but generally the court views it in an 'as needed' way.
Describe: "suicide by cop"
SUICIDE BY COP: "occurs when a citizen in uncooperative - often caused by suicidal thoughts or being under the influence - and perpetuates the situation by acting in a way that police see as eligible for use of lethal force."
Define: "typifications" and "recipes for action" How do these concepts contribute to the understanding of the decision-making process?
TYPIFICATION: "an officers experience denotes what is 'typical' about people or events they've seen in the past" RECIPES FOR ACTION: "actions taken by PO's in various encounter situations" --> contribute b/c we can see how experienced the PO's are, and somewhat specialised for the area they are located in.
What role do an "arrest warrant" and an "information" play in police response to accused people?
When an officer swears by INFORMATION, they can be issued an ARREST WARRANT to arrest the accused.