Chapter 5 [PSY]

while with your 3-year-old nephew mark, you observe examples of preoperational thought. choose which piagetian label matches the example: egocentrism, animism, no consecration, artificialism, identity constancy mark tells you that his sister turned into a princess yesterday when she put on a costume

(no) identity consistency

conservation tasks

piagetian tasks that involve changing the shape of a substance to see whether children can go beyond the way that substance visually appears to understand that the amount is still the same

turn back to the opening chapter vignette. list three activities specifically tailored to help train these preschoolers in the skills of regulating and inhibiting their responses

1) following the play center rules to clean up, not take toys outside, and keep oneself from entering if there are four children 2) having the class sit still and raise their hands to speak 3) the dance slower and faster activity

childhood obesity

a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile compared to the US norms established for children in the 1970s

you are astonished at the physical changes in your 7-year-old niece, brittany, since you last saw her several years ago. which example refers to cephalocaudal principle and which to the mass-to-specific principle? a) brittany could barely draw a circle; now she can draw a detailed face b) brittany's body has become much longer and skinnier

a) mass-to-specific b) cephalocaudal

overextension

an error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too broadly

underextension

an error in early language development in which young children apply verbal labels too narrowly

overregularization

an error in early language development, in which young children apply the rules for plurals and past tenses even to exceptions, so irregular forms sound like regular forms

while with your 3-year-old nephew mark, you observe examples of preoperational thought. choose which piagetian label matches the example: egocentrism, animism, no consecration, artificialism, identity constancy mark tells you that the big tree in the garden is watching him

animism

while with your 3-year-old nephew mark, you observe examples of preoperational thought. choose which piagetian label matches the example: egocentrism, animism, no conservation, artificialism, identity constancy mark tells you that his daddy made the sun

artificialism

four-year-old christopher can recognize every letter of the alphabet, and he is beginning to sound out words in books, drawing on vygotsky's theory, what should chris's parents do? a) buy only alphabet books because their son will succeed at recognizing all the letters b) buy some "easy-to-read" books just above their son's skill level c) challenge chris by getting him books with more complicated stories

b

you are listening to a 3-year-old named joshua. pick out the example of overregularization and the overextension from the following comments. a) when offered a piece of cheese, joshua said, "I no eat cheese." b) seeing a dog run away, joshua said, "The doggie runned away." c) taken to a petting zoo, joshua pointed excitedly at a goat and said, "Horsey!"

b) overregularization c) overextension

while with your 3-year-old nephew mark, you observe examples of preoperational thought. choose which piagetian label matches the example: egocentrism, animism, no conservation, artificialism, identity constancy mark says, "There's more now," when you pour juice from a wide carton into a skinny glass

can't conserve

in a sentence, explain the basic mental difference between an 8-year-old in the concrete operational stage and a preoperational 4-year-old

children in concrete operations can step back from their current perceptions and think conceptually, while preoperational children can't go beyond how things immediately appear

theory of mind

children's first cognitive understanding, which appears at about age 4, that other people have different beliefs and perspectives from their own

pick the statement that would not signify that a child has developed a full-fledged theory of mind: a) he's having a real give-and0take conversation with you b) he realizes that if you weren't there, you can't know what's gone on- and tries to explain to thou what happened while you were absent c) when he has done something he shouldn't do, he is likely to lie d) he's learning to read

d

laura's son has been diagnosed with ADHD. based on this chapter, suggest some environmental strategies she might use to help her child.

don't put your son in demanding situations involving time management. when he studies, provide "white" background noise. consistently use external rewards, such as prizes, to help your child focus. get your son involved in sports or playing exciting games. avoid power assertion (yelling and screaming), and go out of your way to provide lots of love

while with your 3-year-old nephew mark, you observe examples of preoperational thought. choose which piagetian label matches the example: egocentrism, animism, no conservation, artificialism, identity constancy when you stub your toe, mark gives you his favorite stuffed animal

egocentrism

working memory

in information-processing theory, the limited-capacity gateway system, containing all the material that we can keep in awareness at a single time. the material in this system is either processed for more permanent storage or lost.

reversibility

in paiget's conservation taks, the concrete operational child's knowledge that a specific change in the way a given substance looks can be reversed

decentering

in piaget's conservation tasks, the concrete operational child's ability to look at several dimensions of an object or substance

centering

in piaget's conservation tasks, the concrete operational child's knowledge that a specific change in the way a given substance looks can be reversed

concrete operational thinking

in piaget's framework, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 8 to 11, marked by the ability to reason about the world in a more logical, adult way

artificialism

in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's belief that human beings make everything in nature

animism

in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects are alive

identity constancy

in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's inability to grasp that a person's core "self" stays the same despite changes in external appearance

egocentrism

in piaget's theory, the preoperational child's inability to understand that other people have different points of view from their own

preoperational thinking

in piaget's theory, the type of cognition characteristic of children aged 2 to 7, make by an inability to step back from one's immediate perceptions and think conceptually

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

in vygotsky's theory, the gap between a child's ability to solve a problem totally on his own and his potential knowledge if taught by a more accomplished person

inner speech

in vygotsky's theory, the way by which human beings learn to regulate their behavior and master cognitive challenges, through silently repeating information or talking to themselves

jessica has terrific gross motor skills but trouble with fine motor skills. select the two sports from this list that jessica would be most likely to excel at: long-distance running, tennis, water ballet, the high jump, bowling

long-distance running and the high jump would be ideal for jessica, as these sports heavily tap into gross motor skills

when steven played hide-and-seek with his 4-year-old nephew, he realized that while ethan could run very well, the child was having a lot of trouble not betraying his hiding place and understanding the rules of the game. the reason is that ethan's ____ cortex is on an earlier developmental timetable than his ____ lobes

motor, frontal

andrew said to madison, his 3-year-old son: "Remember when we went to Grandma and Grandpa's last year?... It was your birthday, and what did Grandma make for you?" This ____ conversation will help scaffold madison's ____ memory.

past-talk, autobiographical

gross motor skills

physical abilities that involve large muscle movements, such as running and jumping

fine motor skills

physical abilities that involve small, coordinated movements, such as drawing and writing one's name

autobiographical memories

recollections of events and experiences that make up one's life history

scientists often point to language as the core quality that differentiates us from other animals. see if you can list some other capacities that make our species unique.

sour sense of self-awareness and especially of having a continuous, enduring "self" and, of course, the related knowledge we will die; our sense of ethics and morality; our ability to use tools, walk on two feet, etc.

seriation

the ability to put objects in order according to some principle, such as size

frontal lobes

the area at the uppermost front of the brain, responsible for reasoning and planning our actions

mean length of utterance (MLU)

the average number of morphemes per sentence

early childhood

the first phase of childhood, lasting from age 3 through kindergarten, or about age 5

semantics

the meaning system of a language- that is, what the words stand for

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

the most common childhood learning disorder in the united states, disproportionately affecting boys, characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility at home and at school

scaffolding

the process of teaching new skills by entering a child's zone of proximal development and tailoring one's efforts to that person's competence level

how do you feel about contemporary weight standards shifting upwards? discuss the pros and cons of this development

the pros are emotional- no longer needing to adhere to unrealistic weight norms in the face of an obesogenic wider-world; the downside is accepting premature age-related disability, and a shorter lifespan

body mass index (BMI)

the ratio of weight to height; the main indicator of overweight or underweight

in a sentence-based on this section- explain why the public health effort to combat obesity has failed

the reason for this failure is that the whole environment today is overwhelmingly "obesogenic"!

middle childhood

the second phase of childhood, covering the elementary school years, from about age 6 to 11

morpheme

the smallest unit of meaning in a particular language- for example, boys contains two morphemes: boy and the plural suffix s

phoneme

the sound units that convey meaning in a given language- for example, in english, the c sound of cat and the b sound of bat

syntax

the system of grammatical rules in a particular language

class inclusion

the understanding that a general category can encompass several subordinate elements

if you learn that a colleague was in an accident and has frontal-lobe damage, what kinds of impairments might you expect?

this is a disaster! your colleague might have trouble with everything from regulating his physical responses, to analyzing problems, to inhibiting his actions

a 5-year-old is talking out loud and making comments such as "put the big piece here," while constructing a puzzle. what would vygotsky say about this behavior?

vygotsky would say it's normal- the way children learn to think through their actions and control their behavior