Chapter 5 SB
Maslow's needs hierarchy theory ranks food, air, and water as fulfilling which type of need?
physiological
The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as:
job crafting
Which theory is based on comparing one's outputs and inputs with those of others?
equity theory
Which term describes someone who cares more about what they put into a group project than the rewards they receive from participating in the project?
high equity sensitivity
Promoting high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs with the five core job characteristics is the goal of which approach to job design?
job characteristics model
Which methods should managers use to determine the needs of their employees?
one-on-one meetings employee surveys
The three acquired needs stated in McClelland's theory are the needs for achievement, affiliation, and _______
power
Which theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness?
self-determination theory
According to equity theory, people compare
their output-to-input ratio to that of relevant others.
Intensity pertains to the amount of effort being invested in an activity.
true
Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?
Abraham Maslow
Which of the following paraphrases comparisons as used in equity theory?
How does my ratio of outputs to inputs compare with those of relevant others?
Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are known as ________ deals.
Idiosyncratic or (i-deals)
Which statement is an example of Vroom's concept of instrumentality?
If I meet my performance goals, I will receive a promotion.
Which of the following statements are consistent with Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting?
Successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals. People need the ability and resources to achieve the goal. Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance
Needs are defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that:
arouse behavior
Advantages of designing jobs using job rotation include:
building employee knowledge and ability to promote from within providing employees with a broader perspective of the organization increased worker flexibility for scheduling through cross-training
How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory?
by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value
The general categories of motivation theories include:
content theories process theories
According to McGregor, Theory X assumes that employees:
dislike work must be monitored frequently can only be motivated with rewards and punishments
The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:
distributive justice
Psychologist J. Stacy Adams first applied _______ theory in the workplace
equity
Which term describes the idea that not all individuals prefer an equal ratio of outputs to incomes?
equity sensitivity
Which of the following is not a content theory of motivation?
equity theory
Which process theory explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships?
equity theory
Vroom's _____ theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for motivation to be high
expectancy
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to maintain social relationships and join groups?
need for affiliation
The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
valence
Physiological
Basic needs such as food, air, and water
Which of the following are considered outputs in equity theory?
Bonuses Recognition
Self-actualization
Desire for self-fulfillment
Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?
Esteem Needs Physiological Needs
Which of the following are among the top-down approaches to job design?
Job enlargement Job rotation Scientific management
Love
Need for love, affection, and belonging
Marcos set himself a goal of being able to hold plank for 5 minutes by the end of 4 weeks. This is a(n) ________ goal.
Performace
The kind of management that sets standards established by facts gained from systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning is:
Scientific management
What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?
Talk with the manager. Ask for new work assignments. Change jobs
According to Herzberg's theory, what happens when employees have no grievances about hygiene factors?
They experience an absence of job dissatisfaction but are not necessarily motivated.
Different motivators are needed for employees working at small firms. These include all of the following except
a "one style fits all" approach.
The job characteristics model builds intrinsic motivation by:
designing jobs with the five core characteristics
Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce
desired combinations of expected outcomes.
According to goal setting theory, which of the following are needed in order for goals to motivate employees?
ability to achieve the goal commitment to the goal goal specificity
One way managers can improve employee perceptions of procedural justice is to:
allow them to participate in important work decisions
The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is job ______
enrichment
The theory that can be used to predict behavior in any situation where there is a choice between two or more alternatives is:
expectancy theory
Job enlargement is also known as ________ loading the job
horizontally
What does equity theory explain?
how people strive for fairness in social exchanges how people strive for fairness in give-and-take relationships
Herzberg proposed that individuals will not increase their job satisfaction but will experience the absence of job dissatisfaction when they have no grievances about ________ factors.
hygiene
Herzberg's theory classified company administration, salary, and working conditions as _______ factors.
hygiene
Herzberg's theory classified company administration, salary, and working conditions as ________ factors.
hygiene
The question "What are the chances of receiving various outcomes if I achieve my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
instrumentality
The form of organizational justice that reflects whether people are told the truth and treated with respect is:
interactional justice
The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as _________ __________
job design
Any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific job activities to improve the quality of employee job experience and motivation is called
job design.
Employees' perceptions of ______ are enhanced when they have a voice in the decision-making process
justice or fairness
Which of the following are problems that often arise with jobs based on Taylor's scientific management methods?
low sense of accomplishment poor mental health high levels of dissatisfaction and stress
The top-down job design method that creates jobs that are very simplified and repetitive is scientific _______
management
The acquired needs in McClelland's acquired needs theory include the:
meed for achievement need for power
The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:
motivation
Job rotation is the top-down approach that:
moves employees from one specialized job to another
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are known as
needs
Herzberg's motivating factors move employees from a state of
no satisfaction to satisfaction.
The theories that focus on explaining the process by which internal and situational factors influence employee motivation are known as ______ theories.
process
Scientific management designs jobs based on which of the following?
reason experimentation systematic observation
The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job _____
rotation
In equity theory, inputs can include:
skills and knowledge education personality traits
According to Herzberg's theory, issues related to hygiene factors will cause an employee to move from a:
state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction
Samantha is ambitious and has taken a position with XYZ Corporation as a management trainee. She is looking forward to going through challenging projects as she rotates through several departments of the company over the next two years. However, she also just became engaged, and wants to spend time with her fiancé. Which of the following would best describe what Samantha is seeking?
total rewards
The top-down approaches to job design include:
job enlargement scientific management the job characteristics model
Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for ______ to be high.
motivation
According to David McClelland's acquired needs theory,
one need often dominates over the others.
Which of the following are among Herzberg's motivating factors?
opportunity to advance recognition achievement
Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered ______ in Adam's equity theory.
outputs
Job crafting may involve changing task boundaries, the relational nature of a job, or cognitions about the job.
True
Performance management is a set of processes and managerial behaviors that involve defining, monitoring, measuring, evaluating, and providing consequences for performance expectations.
True
What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?
Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.
McClelland's theory, developed in the 1940s, proposed that employee behaviors are driven by three _________ needs.
acquired or basic
Which of the following is not an example of a hygiene factor in Herzberg's motivator-hygiene model?
advancement
What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments?
idiosyncratic deals
Education, skills, creativity, experience, and personal appearance can all be perceived as _________ in Adam's equity theory.
inputs
David McClelland's acquired needs theory states that
people vary in the extent to which they possess certain needs one need often dominates over the others
In Vroom's expectancy theory, instrumentality is the relationship between which two factors?
performance outcomes
Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.
persistence of behavior or thought direction of behavior or thought intensity of behavior or thought
Which of the following is not a primary output and function of most performance management systems?
providing punishment
Self-determination theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by which innate needs?
relatedness competence autonomy
The hygiene factors in Herzberg's study include:
relations with one's supervisor working conditions salary
Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes or stimulus-response connections as ________ behavior.
respondent
________ is the extent to which a job enables an individual to experience freedom, independence, and discretion.
Autonomy
An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following?
Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee. Motivate the employee to correct the situation. Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior
Content theories of motivation focus on how internal factors and environmental characteristics influence employee motivation.
False
Explaining the what, where, how, and why is an example of being fit and fair when monitoring performance.
False
Step 1 of the performance management process is monitoring and evaluating performance.
False
True or false: McClelland's acquired needs theory states that everyone has an equal balance of affiliation, power, and achievement needs.
False
________ occurs when an individual is "turned on to one's work because of the positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well."
Intrinsic motivation
Who pioneered the use of equity theory in the workplace?
J. Stacy Adams
Esteem
Need for recognition, prestige, and self-confidence
Safety
Need to be safe from physical and psychological harm
________ is a means of weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.
Negative reinforcement
Effective managers give employees timely and task-specific feedback about what they are doing right, as well as about what they are doing wrong.
True
What motivates corrective action in equity theory?
cognitive dissonance
What are the key elements of equity theory?
comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs outputs inputs
Herzberg's theory associates job satisfaction with factors relating to the work ______ of the task being performed.
content
The theories that focus on identifying the factors that motivate employees are known as ___ theories.
content
Frederick Herzberg's theory states which of the following?
Managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction. Job satisfaction is associated with motivating factors. Job dissatisfaction is associated with hygiene factors
Douglas McGregor outlined managers' pessimistic assumptions toward employees as _____.
Theory X
________ refers to how long we focus on an activity.
Persistence
The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job _______
enlargement
According to the acquired needs theory, we are not born with our needs but instead learn them as we go about living our lives.
true
Herzberg's theory states that there are ________ separate sets of factors that create satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job.
two
David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:
acquired needs theory
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to influence or teach others to achieve?
need for power
Which of the following is not a factor that affects perceptions of feedback?
personal relationship with the feedback giver