Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception

Gestalt psychology

(The whole is different from the sum of its parts). Different ways we organize sensory information: • Figure-Round Relationship • Proximity • Similarity • Continuity • Principle of closure

Conductive Hearing Loss

- because of age, genetic predisposition, or environmental effects, including exposure to extreme nice, certain illness, or damage due to toxins.

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. preconception D. thermoception

B. nociception pain

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat? A. gustation B. proprioception C. somatosensation D. thermoception

B. proprioception self-awareness of body position

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. B. They are unrelated to biological senses. C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. D. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body.

C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

According to the _________________________________, all colors in the spectrum can be produced by combining red, green, and blue. The three types of cones are each receptive to one of the colors.

Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

Optic Nerve

carries visual information form the retina to the brain

Perception

refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Retina

the light-sensitive lining of the eye.

inattentional blindness

Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention is called

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot? A. afterimage B. blind spot C. preimage D. night blindness

A. afterimage

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. A. just noticeable difference B. subliminal messaging C. top-down processing D. transduction

D. Transduction The convertion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential.

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand. A. bottom-down B. bottom-up C. top-down D. top-first

C. Top down influenced by knowledge, our expiriences, and our thoughts.

Place Theory

Suggest that different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. For example, the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies and the tip of the basilar membrane responds best to low frequencies.

Sensation

what happens when sensory information is detected by sensory receptors

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgusted and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry." A. bottom-up B. sensory adaptation C. top-down D. vertical-horizontal

A. Bottom-up perceptions are built on sensory input

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. olfaction D. thermoception

A. Kinesthesia perception of body's movement through space.

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________. A. a subliminal message B. bottom-up processing C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

A. a subliminal message

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________. A. adaptation B. formation C. regression D. revision

A. adaptation Sensory adaptation: not percieving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example? A. binocular disparity B. bottom processing C. monocular disparity D. top-down processing

A. binocular disparity

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A. cones B. fovea C. lens D. rods

A. cones colorful

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. A. cornea; pupil B. iris; pupil C. lens; retina D. pupil; cornea

A. cornea; pupil cornea is the transparent covering over the eye pupil is the small opening in the eye through which light passes

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? A. cones B. fovea C. iris D. rods

D. rods dim light

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire. A. gustation B. olfaction C. somatosensation D. thermoception

D. thermoception temperature

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. A. nociception B. proprioception C. somatosensation D. vestibular

D. vestibular balance

Temporal Theory

asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron. Meaning, a given hair cell would fire action potentials related to the frequency of the sound wave.

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? A. biometric B. Gestalt C. Pacinian D. somatosensory

B. Gestalt

Which part of the eye holds eye color? A. cornea B. iris C. lens D. retina

B. Iris

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception. A. attention B. motivation C. peripherals D. sensation

B. Motivation ie. spongebob

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. A. perception; reception B. perception; sensation C. preception; postception D. sensation; perception

B. Perception; sensation.

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. A. conductive B. congenital C. postnatal D. prenatal

B. congenital congenital=present from birth.

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________. A. legal blindness B. night blindness C. night impairment D. night vision

B. night blindness

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________. A. Merkel's theory B. the law of thermoception C .the principle of transduction D. Weber's law

D. Weber's Law change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. A. cornea; iris B. fovea; lens C. iris; retina D. lens; fovea

D. lens; fovea small indentation in the back of the eye known as the fovea, which is part of the retina.