Chapter 5 Smartbook

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

Serving the United States in the fight against Nazism in World War II led African American soldiers to

demand their civil rights.

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned

discrimination in public accommodations.

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

discriminatory practices in housing discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods discriminatory practices in mortgage lending

What took the heaviest toll on the Native American population after white settlers arrived in what is now the U.S.?

disease

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

employers educational institutions

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

equal access to public facilities the right of every person to equal protection under the law equal access to the opportunities society provides

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

Although many Americans believe that the concept of ______ includes such things as access to jobs and health care, others argue that it means only that people are all treated the same under the law.

equality

The Supreme Court decision in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) ______ affirmative action.

upheld

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

40; 10

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

7%

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely black.

95

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities. It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities.

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men. The average pay for women workers is only 80 percent of the amount earned by male workers.

Which of the following minority groups make up the largest Hispanic population in the United States?

Mexicans

Which of the following statements about affirmative action are true?

Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. Preference programs have greater support among African Americans than among whites. Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically.

Which of the following Native American tribes have a majority who speak native languages at home?

Navajo Pueblo

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

Nineteenth Amendment

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

What president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?

Ronald Reagan

Which of the following are among redlining's legacies?

Segregated neighborhoods still exist. Hispanics and African Americans still have difficulty obtaining mortgages (compared to whites).

In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?

Shelby v. Holder

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?

Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty. Many poor working women find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses. Most single-parent families are headed by women and one-third of those live below the poverty line.

Which of the following is an ongoing struggle between state governments and Native American tribal governments?

States want to control casino gambling on Native American reservations.

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County.

Which is an accurate representation of the Hispanic population in the United States?

Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years. The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands.

In 1972, Native Americans organized a caravan titled the ______ that journeyed from California to Washington, D.C., to protest federal policy.

Trail of Broken Treaties

True or false: Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, many restaurants, hotels, and other establishments still refused to serve black customers.

True

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. A state requires separate public bathrooms for black and white people.

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

The largest recent Hispanic demonstrations in the U.S. have been in reaction to

a bill passed by the House that would have led to the arrest and deportation of millions of undocumented immigrants.

Which of the following actions first made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a national symbol for the civil rights movement and earned him national media attention?

a year-long bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

Which policy required the federal government to begin implementing measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

In the case of Shelby v. Holder, the majority held that the formula for identifying states and counties subject to federal oversight was

based on obsolete statistics.

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

been foundational in legal decisions given moral strength to diverse movements inspired a hope for eventual equality

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

bilingual

Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.

citizens

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of interest?

compelling

Which type of discrimination is based on the law?

de jure discrimination

What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?

family structure

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of_____classifications even though such classification need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however,

groups more often fight for civil rights.

According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in which of the following areas?

holding high-level political office holding the top position in corporations

Hispanics in the U.S. are generally concentrated

in their states of entry.

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law

is almost always unconstitutional.

What portion of congressional seats are held by women?

less than a quarter

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

marches in nonviolent protest boycotts

How many Hispanics currently serve in the U.S. House of Representatives?

more than 30

In a 1930s Supreme Court case that challenged the application of the separate-but-equal doctrine, the Court ruled that blacks ______ be allowed to use public facilities reserved for whites in those cases where they didn't have separate facilities.

must

The Supreme Court has stated that in order for an affirmative action program to be upheld, the program must be

narrowly tailored.

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must

obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group.

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

poll taxes whites-only primaries literacy tests

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large black populations.

redlining

Which of the following best exemplifies the profound impact of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of

suspect classifications.

Rioting broke out in 1957 during

the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School.

Which of the following are rights gays and lesbians had to fight for in the U.S.?

the right to have the same benefits as traditional couples the right to openly enlist in the military

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in

winning elective office.