Chapter 5 SS test

1. When did Nigeria win its independence?

1960

1. Why did Africans try socialism, why didn't it work and what type of economy do most African nations have today?

Africans tried socialism because they saw it as a way to end special privileges and bring about equality. It didn't work because it caused corruption in some of the African countries, and market prices for exports dropped. Now, most African countries have a mixed economy today.

Algeria

Fighting broke out, often where lots of whites had settled, slowly Africans moved towards armed resistance, (mau mau) and then bloody fighting ensued. Both sides committed brutal attacks of violence. Gained independence in 1964

outlined revolutionary idea in the Communist Manifesto. called for public ownership of all land as well as the means of production.

Friedrich Engels

1. In 1950, what African nations were independent?

Liberia, Ethiopia, Egypt, and South Africa

1. How did nationalism grow out of European rule?

Nationalism grew out of European rule by they Africans realized that they had to created a sense of unity among diverse groups of they wanted to win independence from the European rulers.

Libya, Tunisia & Morocco

Peaceful manner, no violence alike Ghana, 1950s

1. What changes have been brought by urbanization?

Some changes brought on by urbanization are people migrate from farms to cities for better jobs and more money, rural poverty, jobs becoming more scarce than they already were, but they don't have the money to pave roads, extend sewers, water and electricity throughout the outside of the city.

1. How did European law codes clash with African forms of justice?

The Europeans law codes differed with the Africans forms of justice because Africans were based on the consensus and discussion, the Europeans style was much different, causing them to clash.

1. What were the demographics of Nigeria prior to imperialism?

The demographics of Nigeria prior to imperialism were there were many diverse groups living in Africa today, and there were many small self-governing villages.

1. What event marked the end of colonial rule?

The event that marked the end of colonial rule was when south Africa held its first free elections and became a political democracy.

1. What forces worked against African independence? What government worked against African independence in southern Africa?

The forces that worked against African independence were Southern African countries, Southwest Africa/present day Namibia. The white-ruled government worked against African independence in Southern Africa.

1. Make this connection: How did Pan-Africanism have an impact on the United States civil rights movement? (hint—not directly stated in the text, although U.S. civil rights leaders are mentioned)

The leaders of the civil rights movement were in contact with the leaders of Pan-Africanism and watched these movements take place, and it impacted the US.

1. What material improvements did Europeans make in Africa?

The material improvements they made in Africa were transportation and communication. They build roads and railroads, telegraphs, hospitals, and brought doctors and better medical care.

1. What positive changes did colonial rulers make?

The positive changes the colonial rulers made were that they built roads, railroads, communication services, dredged harbors for seagoing ships, introduced new crops and farming methods,

1. How did the presence of European settlers change the response of the colonial powers? How did settlers in these colonies try to protect their privileges?

The presence of European settlers changed the response of the colonial powers because some people didn't want to leave because they had noting to go back to, they made their money and lives there and had gained special treatment. The settlers in these colonies tried to protect their privileges by declaring these countries had gained independence, but they were under a white-ruled government.

1. What was the purpose of European education in the colonies?

The purpose of European education in the colonies was to learn the basic skills they would need them to do in their jobs that they offered.

1. What contributed to political instability in Africa in the decades following independence? What type of political stability did this lead to?

The things that contributed to political instability in Africa in the decades following independence were economic frustration, ethnic and regional divisions, and foreign intervention.

1. At the end of World War II, how many countries were NOT under colonial rule?

There was one country not under colonial rule. By 1964? There were 36 countries not under colonial rule by 1964.

Angola & Mozambique

Waged guerilla warfare, portugal refused to five these countries up gained independence in 1975

free market economic system in which the means of production are owned and operated by individuals for profit

capitalism

cutting off trade with another country to pressure it to change its policies

economic sanctions

organized strikes and boycotts to protest British rule

kwame nkrumah

huge business enterprises with branches in many countries

multinational corporation

pride and loyalty to ones country

nationalism

african movement led by the Senegalese poet Leopold Sedar Senghor in the 1903's it strengthened Pan-Africanism by encouraging Africans to value their heritage

negritude

break away and withdraw , especially as a group, from a country or an organization

secede

system in which the government owns and operates major businesses and controls other parts of the economy

socialism

adoption of western culture

westernization

1. Why has Africa had population explosion and what problems are created?

Africa has had population explosion because better health care has decreased the death rate, birth rates are rising. But some problems created were they don't have enough food and other things to take care of all of the people in Africa, not enough jobs, schools, money.

1. Why was Biafra established?

Biafra was established because the Ibo wanted to keep control of the oil fields in their region. Also, the Ibo people believed that Muslim Hausa and Fulani people dominated Nigeria.

1. What were Britain and France the first to realize about independence? Explain.

Britain and France were the first to realize that they could preserve their economic and strategist interests even if their colonies gained independence.

1. What two methods did European powers use to govern their colonies? What was the result of both?

Direct and indirect rule. The result of botht was that when african countries gained independence, they had no ruling experience, and many countries began to have problems. Since Europeans controlled all aspects of the government, it caused problems because the Africans didn't know how to rule them.

1. How did foreign countries (former colonial powers and others) maintain their influence in Africa?

Foreign countries maintained their influence in Africa by offering them loans with high interest rates, became involved militarily, by installing leaders who would support their interests in these countries.

1. Why did France treat Algeria differently than its colonies in West and Central Africa?

France treated Algeria differently than its colonies in West and Central Africa because it was a colony that Africa considered part of mainland France.

1. How did studying in Europe affect Senghor and other African nationalists?

It affected them because it taught them about nationalism, he began to see European strengths and weaknesses and was horrified by Hitler and his ideas, and he began to learn how wrong these things were.

1. What unintended effect did education have?

It had the effect that 1, countries began to see the flaws of Europe, 2, they realized that they could get ahead by becoming like their rulers, and also that they could again independence.

tanzanias first president, wanted to unite the people of his nation, provide basic services, and end foreign influence.

Julius Nyerere

a german philosopher, predicted that the proletariat would rise up against the ruling class.

Karl Marx

lead the negritude movement, Senegalese poet, movement encouraged africans to value their heritage, and it strengthened Pan-Africanism

Leopold sedar senghor

1. How has life changed for African women and how has it stayed the same? Where has life for women changed the most?

Life has changed for African women by they are gaining rights, they have helped women get technical training and jobs, have a greater opportunity to join the workforce, more women are getting jobs, some have gained high level government jobs. It has stayed the same for African women as women are still the food producers in many rural villages, in some places they produce 2/3 of the food, women's lives are deteriorating because of wars, conflict, and the spread of aids. Life for women has changed the most in the justice/government area, as they are gaining rights, and are able to hold jobs.

1. Why have military governments ended up in power at times? Why do citizens of those countries sometimes prefer military rule?

Military governments ended up in power at times because they used harsh measures to stay in power, but also because military rules would get results, and Africans liked the military government because they would help and do things for the country, whereas democratic didn't get the tasks done.

1. What is one-party rule and why did some African leaders think it would work well for African nations?

One-party rule was where they use one political party, and other parties are forbidden. Some African leaders thought it would work well for African nations because they believed that having more than one party created divisions in society, and having one party rule reflected traditional African values such as discussion and consensus.

1. What other factors encouraged European powers to shift to change policy and consider independence for their colonies?

Other factors that encouraged European powers to shift to change policy and consider independence for their colonies were economies improved and they didn't see the need for their colonial possessions, they began to build stronger economic relations inside of Europe.

1. What other regions of the world were undergoing decolonization at the same time African States were becoming independent?

Other regions of the world that were going under decolonization at the same time African States were becoming independent were Southeast Asia, India's Mohandas Gandhi, Arab countries in the Middle East.

1. What political challenges faced Africans after independence?

Political challenges faced Africans after independence were that they didn't have strong or well put together governments as they were not properly trained. Many had no idea what to do, leaders in the old days were pushed out by europeans

1. What were the causes of civil war in some newly independent states (like the Congo)? What obstacles existed to building national unity? Why did some Africans prefer military rule?

Some causes of Civil war were separate ethnic groups fighting for power, regional rivalries, ethnic tensions. Some obstacles that existed to building national unity were that ethnic tensions, different groups fighting for power, one party rule, and military rule. Some Africans preferred military rule because democracy doesn't always take care of getting tasks done, but military rule would get them the results that they wanted or needed.

1. What economic challenges exist in Africa? What events beyond their control often impact their economies?

Some of the economic challenges exist in Africa are that the subsistence farmers are often neglected, as are there needs, and many countries do not have economic dependence, and that is a goal. Also rainfall and population have had a big impact and cause a lot of problems for these countries to keep up with. Events that are beyond their control that impact their economies are population growth, rainfall, weather, world market prices, etc.

1. What two superpowers emerged after WWII? What did each wish to extend?

The 2 superpowers that emerged after WWII were the SU and USA. They each wished to extend its influence around the world as the promoter of its own economic system (communism SU, and capitalism USA) they also saw in the end of colonialism a rich new opportunity to do so.

1. What challenges did new African countries face following independence? (THIS is a LONG answer, be thorough—unfortunately the list of challenges is long. Go through page 57 economic challenges)

The Challenges new African countries faced following independence were they had to form nations out of disparate groups joined together by the colonial boundaries. Financial resources, technical knowledge, and governing experiences were taken with the Europeans, so these countries faces severe shortages of capital, as well as the lack of professionals to run African governments and businesses, many people remained illiterate, colonies couldn't agree on how to be ruled, had deep economic problems, inherited colonies that were dependent on the international market, and colonialism had limited colonies to the production of raw materials, causing each colony to only have a handful of different things to export, which made them extremely vulnerable to fluctuations in price, and they also depended on imports from Europe to supply the foods that they did not produce at home such as good, consumer goods, and agricultural supplies. Most goods that new independent countries exported were worth far less than the goods they imported, causing many African countries into debt. Little infrastructure to support trade within Africa, especially in rural areas, which made it even more difficult to change the nature of the African countries economies. Another economic inequality was another problem, many of the rural areas did not have all of the things that the cities had, and many countries felt the need to rework the structure of their economies.

1. In what ways was the Congo an example of the above statement? What was the superpower involvement after the Congo gained its independence from Belgium?

The Congo was an example of the above statement because the us was concerned with Lumumba's alliance with the SU, so they helped Congolese soldiers assassinate him, causing Congo to go into a state of crisis, and the UN had to become involved. The superpower involvement after the Congo gained its independence from Belgium was that they assassinated Lumumba, and then the UN got involved after Congo went into a state of crisis.

1. What factors determined the willingness of a colonial power to agree to independence?

The colonies relationship with the colonial power, the powers experience with other independence struggles, and whether the colonizing power believed that it could protects its interests without direct control- could they protect their interests without having to live there and so they could keep making $

1. How was the development of the theories of socialism and communism motivated by what was happening in the 1800's in countries such as Great Britain and Germany? (look on page 674—New Ideas About Society)

The development of the theories of socialism and communism were motivated by what was happening in the 1800's in countries such as GB and Germany by philosophers decided to study he harsh effects of industrialization and developed how society should have been organized. Then, many people in these countries called on governments to protect workers and correct the worst abuses of industrial life, whereas others demanded more radical changes.

1. What divisions between different groups in Nigeria led to civil war in 1967?

The divisions between different groups in Nigeria that led to civil war in 1967 were the religions differences, economic differences, and ethnic differences. Ibo wanted to keep control of oil fields Ibo people believed that the Fulani people and Muslim Hausa dominated Nigeria, and in 1967 they set up the Republic of Biafra, and during a war between the ROB and Nigeria, millions died. Clashes between Christians and other Non-Muslims against Muslims have been started by the revival of Islam.

1. What were the effects of the civil war?

The effects of the civil war were an estimated 1 million people died, Nigeria was reunited, regional loyalties remained strong.

1. What are the effects of the debt crisis in Africa?

The effects of the debt crisis in Africa are that Nigeria has a hard time a hard time keeping up with its debts every time oil prices fall, and they are trying to diversify their economy, but many still live off of the land, also, food imports because of urbanization they have to import wheat and rice, which are expensive, and they hurt farmers who cannot sell their food crops.

1. What is the legacy left behind by colonialism? What did Africans want?

The legacy left behind by colonialism was that European culture was superior, also created in Africans the desire for modern technology and the same standard of living the Europeans enjoyed.

1. What was the legacy of African colonialism?

The legacy of African colonialism was that it took away the ability of Africans to decide their own economic interests and priorities, it also had significant cultural effects, another important legacy is African independence.

1. How did a money economy affect Africans' lives?

The money economy affected Africans lives because families and villages were torn apart as the men and other family members had to go find work outside of the village, and also created wealth differences.

1. What more recent religious differences are causing conflict in Nigeria?

The more recent religious differences are causing conflict in Nigeria are the revival of Islam- it caused clashes against Christians with other non-Muslims against the Muslims.

1. What was the negritude movement? Time frame? Leader? How did this leader express his negritude?

The negritude movement was a movement that encouraged Africans to value their heritage, and it strengthened Pan-Africanism. It was in the 1930s. The leader was Leopold Sedar Senghor, and he rejected the negative views colonial powers had held about African American culture and instead encouraged Europeans and Africans to take a new look at African traditions.

1. What new economic patterns did Europeans introduce? How did those affect African economies?

The new economic patterns Europeans introduced were changing to a money economy, also they Encouraged the countries to find a cash crop that they could sell on the world market instead of food.

1. What was the purpose of the All-African People's Conference?

The purpose of the All-African Peoples Conference was to bring together leaders of nationalist colonial movements and newly independence states to pledge unity and support for African independence.

1. For what reasons were independence movements in both Africa and Asia able to gain strength after World War II?

The reasons independence movements in Africa and Asia were able to gain strength after WWII were because after the war the colonial powers of Biritan and France, and the US spoke out about colonialism and some other European nations saw that they had to give up their colonial empires.

1. What was the slogan that united Pan-Africanism? What is Pan-Africanism? When did it begin? Was it successful?

The slogan that united Pan-Africanism was "Africa for the Africans." Pan Africanism was the calling for unifying all of Africa. It began in the early 1900's and was success because it brought everyone together.

1. What determined whether or not the transition to independence would be peaceful?

The way colonial powers responded to African demands.

1. Although both superpowers become outspoken public advocates of political freedom, what were their actual practical interests?

Their actual practical interests were that they were interested in expanding their influence rather than supporting African independence.

1. What did the educated elite find when they returned home?

They found that the higher level jobs were closed to Africans.

1. How did colonial rulers leave Africans ill-prepared for independence? What problems were caused by artificial boundaries?

They left them ill prepared for independence because they had replaced ir weakened local leaders and disrupted the traditional economy. Biggest problem was that there were few people with leadership experience in the Gov. Some of the problems that were caused by artificial boundaries were they included rival groups, others were divided in groups of the same group, and this caused difficulty of meeting economic needs of their people, caused some fighting.

Ghana Kwame Nkrumah

They organized strikes and boycotts, but were all peaceful gained independence in 1957

refusal to buy certain goods or services

boycott

moving towards a free system of government

decolonization

hit and run attacks by small bands of fighters against a larger power

guerilla warfare

1. African colonies that had not gained _________________ by the start of the Cold War became the scenes of_______________ conflict in the 1960's and 1970's. This superpower involvement in Africa's independence struggles and conflict______________________________________________.

independence, superpower, prolonged and intensified

thought would be used to build national unity, reflected traditional african values as discussion consensus

one party system

nationalist movement that began in the early 1900's and called for unifying of Africa

pan-africanism

growth of cities

urbanization