Chapter 5 Test
How has puberty changed since the mid 20th century?
A variety of factors may account for the large decline in the age of menarche from the 1800s to the mid-1900s, such as improved nutrition and reduced effects of disease. Hence, it makes sense that the decline would have leveled off in the mid-twentieth century in developed nations because levels of malnutrition and disease have stabilized.
Recurrent eating binges without purging leading frequently to overweight
Binge eating disorder
Assuming that she works about 20 hours per week, why do you think work does not appear to have had a negative influence on either Anna's school involvement or school achievement?
Both that she is willing to give up some activities her friends are not willing to give up, and she has excellent time-management skills.
At level II (conventional morality), moral judgment is based on conformity to the social expectations of others (stage 3) or conformity to the laws of the land (stage 4)
Conventional morality (16-24-Adolescence)
What kinds of adolescents are most likely to have problems with substance abuse, depression, and suicide? Know the backgrounds they come from.
Depression and substance use are more likely among a subset of early-maturing girls who experienced earlier family conflict and disruption and who associate with deviant peer groups . In addition, the contexts in which girls meet older peers are important. Early-maturing girls are more likely to meet delinquent peers, and to manifest behavior problems if they have unsupervised time to hang out with peers outside school contexts, such as community centers, which are fairly unstructured and unsupervised. A recent meta-analysis found that early-maturing boys were as likely as early-maturing girls to experience internalizing problems (anxiety, depression, eating disordered behavior) and externalizing problems (substance abuse, antisocial behavior)
Regarding risky behaviors, when are teens most likely to take part in them?
During adolescence
Are there factors that influence adolescent involvement in religion?
Exposure to organized religious teaching (such as attending religious services regularly or going to a religious school), being a member of a family that talks about religious issues frequently, having parents who attend services regularly, and having parents who are not divorced are all factors that predict higher involvement in religious activities in adolescents and emerging adults
What most likely is the cause of difficulties forming an intimate relationship versus remaining isolated and alone?
Failure to resolve the identity crisis
At ages 18-19, the rate of oral sex between same-sex individuals was about the same for males and females, but at ages 20-24 it was more common among males.
False
Oral sex between teens is less common today than in the past.
False
In this development stage, what happens to the neural networks?
Four prominent sets of changes occur, including the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, the refinement of neural networks, the development of the social brain, and the development of the limbic system.
What happens to the gray matter in adolescence?
Gray matter in many areas of the brain thins continuously from early adolescence through the early 20s
What did the longitudinal and cross sectional studies conducted in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Finland with adolescents and young adults that expanded the work of Marcia's identity status framework conclude?
High school counselors should encourage exploration in breadth and temporary commitments, whereas college counselors should encourage exploration in depth.
Look up the study done by Steinberg on risk-taking and impulse control and know what it applies to.
In a series of cross-sectional studies, Laurence Steinberg and colleagues tested the behavioral aspect of the dual systems model by collecting data on risk-taking and impulse control from more than 900 participants ages 8 to 30. They found that self-ratings of the tendency to take risks peaked at ages 12 to 15, whereas self-ratings of impulse control did not approach adult levels until ages 18 to 22. Similar trends across age were observed in behavioral tasks tapping reward-seeking and impulse control. In a subsequent study, this group of researchers found that males rated themselves as more vulnerable to risk-taking and less able to control impulses over a longer period of development in adolescence than females
Know the purpose of the STEM programs at high schools and what they provide
In the United States, momentum has gathered over the past decade to reform science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) instruction, reducing the gap between the top industrial countries' student achievement levels and those in the United States. The goal is to encourage more children to pursue STEM careers, particularly underrepresented groups.
__________ adolescents were found to be more likely to spend longer hours on the job than white and Asian American students, but showed a lower negative correlation between number of hours worked and school grades than was found among white students.
Low-income African American and Hispanic
__________ is a greater understanding of one's own cognitive processes. It is an important source of increased interest in and ability to solve complex problems.
Metacognitive understanding
Which of the following is a strong reason that poverty is a risk factor for teen pregnancy?
Poor teens have fewer educational and economic prospects.
At level III (postconventional morality), moral reasoning moves beyond social approval or social conventions to consider abstract principles pertaining to human rights (such as life, liberty, freedom of speech)
Postconventional morality (24-36-Adulthood)
Anna says that one benefit of work is to increase her motivation. This was not mentioned in the review of research. What do you think she means?
She is motivated to get her school and extracurricular responsibilities done in order to keep from falling behind.
Anna does not overtly discuss negative effects of her schedule. Which of the following might be a negative outcome?
She might not experience some of the typical social experiences of high school, such as dating or hanging out with friends.
The theory that morality is one of three domains of social issues: moral issues, social conventional issues, and personal issues
Social Domain Theory
What evidence is there that abstinence-only until marriage may be inadequate?
Some teens may be more likely to have sexual intercourse in an abstinence-only program compared to comprehensive sex education.
Ava tends to prefer the common values of her family's culture, and goes along with whatever values her family practices and believes in. Which of Phinney's stages of ethnic identity does Ava fall in?
Stage one: Unexamined ethnic identity
Longitudinal studies using Kohlberg's dilemmas in the US and other societies consistently find that ________
Stages 1-4 develop in the order Kohlberg proposed and are found in some form in many cultures
Know what the trends are today in sexual activity since the 1990s
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's biennial Youth Risk Behavior Survey revealed that in 1991, 10.2 percent reported having sex before age 13, dropping to 3.3 percent in 2017. The percentage of high school students (in grades 9 to 12) reporting they had sex in the last three months has dropped steadily since 1991 and now averages 28.7 percent.
What is adrenarche?
The activation of the adrenals in late childhood that stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics.
What happens during the Adolescent Growth Spurt?
The adolescent growth spurt is the most rapid period of growth since infancy. It can be defined as an increase in growth rate associated with puberty.
Be able to compare early maturing boys to early maturing girls and how they are treated by their peers
The picture is more mixed for early-maturing boys. They have been regarded by researchers as advantaged compared to early-maturing girls, because their maturing bodies often fit the cultural masculine ideal of being strong, tall, and muscular. Some studies have found early-maturing boys are generally more successful in athletics than on-time or later-maturing boys. In addition, researchers have found that early-maturing boys are more self-confident and more popular among peers than their on-time or later-maturing counterparts. Their peers rate them as more physically attractive, and they tend to hold leadership positions in school as well as on sports teams
What is the correlation between parents allowing adolescent participation in decisions within their own life and their academic achievement and motivation?
There is higher academic achievement and motivation levels
Which of the following arguments by an adolescent do you think is a legitimate point about parents' contradicting themselves or making incorrect statements?
Vanessa, who argues that her parents' restrictions on her dating contradicted their own practices as teens.
What is the difference between a clique and a crowd?
A clique is a small group of friends and close acquaintances that provides a secure base and social support for a young person. A crowd is a a larger group of peers that share a general identity, such as the "brains" or "populars"
What commonly happens to self esteem around the ages of 12 to 15 and then in late adolescence?
A general decline in self-esteem followed by and increase in self-esteem
All of the following are statistical trends in sexual behavior among teens in recent surveys except __________.
a majority of 16- to 17-year-olds have had sexual intercourse
Studies of the relationship between moral thinking and moral behavior find __________.
a moderate relationship between moral reasoning stage and moral behavior, but people's behavior is sometimes at a lower level than their moral reasoning due to situational circumstances
Which style of parenting was associated with stronger emotional functioning and better cognitive performance in U.S. and Chinese samples?
autonomy-supportive parenting in both samples
Eating disorders that involve disturbances in perception of one's own weight and fear of gaining weight are difficult to treat once they have become a habitual pattern of behavior because sufferers often __________.
believe that they are still overweight even though they are not by any medical standard
The adolescents generally believe that they are capable of making their own decisions and want parents to give them more freedom to do so. According to research studies, the parents may be justified in worrying about the decisions teens make ________________.
both under the influences of friends and in affectively charged (emotional) situations
Researchers have found that delinquent boys engage in deviancy training, a process in which __________.
boys respond more positively to comments about deviant acts than they do to comments about nondeviant acts
is diagnosed when individuals have recurrent episodes of binge eating during which they consume a larger amount of food than most people would eat within the same period of time
bulimia
Recurrent eating binges followed by use of laxatives or induced vomiting to prevent weight gain
bulimia nervosa
Research studies reveal that differences in the number of males and females found in particular types of occupations are related to all of the following except __________.
differences in the desire of females and males for high-status jobs
According to the study of the Iowa Gambling task by Smith et al. (2012), emotional decision making __________.
dips in performance from middle childhood to early adolescence and improves in mid- to late adolescence
a period of transition from adolescence to adulthood that shares some features traditionally associated with adolescence and some features traditionally associated with adulthood
emerging adulthood
Which of the following is a commonly used process by which teenage friends try to maintain and gradually increase their similarities in behavior and interests?
emulation of a friend's behavior
Which of the following is a commonly used process by which teenage friends try to maintain and gradually increase their similarities in behavior and interest?
emulation of a friends behavior
Marisa's biology teacher at the STEM academy she attends invited several guest speakers to share their experiences about choosing STEM careers and to share their excitement about their current research and projects. This practice exemplifies which aspect of the new STEM programs in schools?
encouraging an emotional connection to a STEM career
Some specific practices designed to help students adjust to high school include all of the following except __________.
encouraging close friendships between seniors and freshmen
Attitudes and beliefs people have about the meaning of their ethnic or racial group memberships
ethnic-racial identity
A network of brain areas that is involved in weighing alternatives, controlling impulses, and making decisions
executive control network
According to the two-cycle model of identity development, adolescents tend to explore in breadth and make temporary commitments (say, to a career), whereas emerging adults tend to __________.
explore in depth
All of the following are factors that can lead to early puberty in an individual girl except __________.
extreme exercise
Jaime's father has told him that if he improves his math grade from a B to B + or A-, he will take him on a backpacking trip at the end of spring semester.
extrinsic motivation
Motivation to perform an activity to achieve a reward or avoid a punishment
extrinsic motivation
According to James Marcia, an adolescent who accepts his parents' political views would be categorized as __________ in the political domain, but if he is searching for another option than to go into the family business, he would be __________ in that domain.
foreclosed; in moratorium
Two teens use stories to show how their parents' rules for teens are inconsistent with the parents' behavior as teens. (See interviews with Vanessa and Efrat.) This type of reasoning depends on a basic ability to evaluate the consistency of two statements or propositions, what Piaget called _______________ .
formal operations
Adolescents tend to eat less than the recommended amounts of __________ and more than the recommended amount of __________.
fruits and vegetables; sugar
Gonadarche is the process during which chemical signals from the body and neural signals in the brain stimulate the hypothalamus to release a signaling molecule, kisspeptin, which stimulates the pituitary gland to produce a range of hormones that in turn activate the gonads (the testes of the male and the ovaries of the female
gonadarche
All of the following are risk factors that appear to contribute to the downward spiral of some adolescents into substance abuse except __________.
having higher cerebral blood flow
In early to middle adolescence, variations in self-esteem depend in part on a gap between the _______
ideal self and actual self in domains that are important to the adolescent
In early to middle adolescence, variations in self-esteem depend in part on a gap between the __________.
ideal self and actual self in domains that are important to the adolescent
exploration followed by commitment
identity achievement
A period of conflict in which one considers alternative identities is
identity crisis
a period of conflict in which one considers alternative identities
identity crisis
The process of integrating your personal characteristics (for example, self-concepts) with a set of values and a set of future goals is
identity development
______ refers to the process in which an individual integrates personal characteristics with a set of values and a set of future goals.
identity development
no exploration or commitment
identity diffusion
commitment without prior exploration
identity foreclosure
Exploration without commitment in adolescence is
identity moratorium
exploration without commitment
identity moratorium
Menarche, the first menstruation, happens on the average about four years earlier today than it did a century and a half ago in industrialized nations, presumably due to __________.
improved nutrition and reduced disease stress
Lower family income is associated with lower school achievement __________.
in all ethnic groups
Anusha is eager to take her world history class because she enjoys learning about different cultures.
intrinsic motivation
Motivation to perform an activity for its own sake out of personal interest
intrinsic motivation
The most common pattern of development in heterosexual romantic relationships __________.
involves interactions with opposite-sex peers in groups, followed by group dating, followed by couple dating
As compared to girls, the adolescent growth spurt typically __________ for boys.
lasts longer
An evolutionary old subcortical region of the brain that detects rewards and threats in the external environment
limbic system
Religious involvement is associated with which of the following positive developmental outcomes?
lower sexual activity
Chantelle has worked to memorize the periodic table of the elements, even though it is not a requirement of her chemistry class. She doesn't know why, but she has an urge to know all of the elements by heart.
mastery goal orientation
the first occurrence of menstruation in females
menarche
Researchers have found that teens who communicate openly with their parents about sex and have a closer relationship to their parents are __________.
more likely to wait longer to initiate sex
All of the following have been found to be correlated with part-time employment in excess of 20 hours per week except __________.
more rule-abiding behavior
All of the following are limitations to teaching sex education in the home, except ___________________.
most parents have no desire for their children to learn about sex
When studying same-sex sexual preferences and behavior in youth, researchers found that __________.
most sexual-minority youth identify as bisexual
According to Holland's theory, young adults tend to be most satisfied with careers that are correlated with their __________.
occupational interests
Parent-teen conflict __________.
often hinges on the teen's urge to control more issues of personal choice
Julie is finishing up her senior year and entering a community college computer coding program, hoping to land a job in two years at the software company where she interned last summer.
opportunity structures
Physical and social support for STEM careers in the immediate geographic location of the schools is called __________.
opportunity structures
In the expectancy-value model, there is a developmental progression or cascade from motivational beliefs to achievement. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the developmental progression?
parental beliefs → parental behavior → student beliefs → student achievement
Kylie isn't particularly fond of physics, but she studies hard. She has always been in the top three in her science classes, and she doesn't want someone else to take her place at the top.
performance goal orientation
Aiesha admires the college chemistry major who is assisting at her internship program with a local agricultural products manufacturer, and talks to her frequently about how she got into chemistry and why she likes it.
personal connections
Positive developmental outcomes—such as high self-esteem, social competence, and academic achievement—are associated with adolescents and emerging adults who have __________.
positive emotions toward their racial-ethnic identity
Derreck is 17 and has become a fan of rock climbing. He loves the thrill of ascending a sheer rock face using his skill at finding small finger- and toeholds and his strength in holding on. He realizes he is not skilled enough to make a free ascent, so he is always clipped in with safety lines. Derreck's new passion is an example of __________.
positive risk-taking
An important area of the brain that handles executive control undergoes very rapid synaptic pruning and myelination in adolescence. It is called the __________.
prefrontal cortex
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, clitoris, scrotum, testes, prostate gland, penis
primary sex characteristics
In middle adolescence, cliques __________.
provide security and social support for their members
the period during which the sexual organs mature, by considering hormonal changes, the adolescent growth spurt, and the development of sexual characteristics
puberty
Comprehensive sex education programs in schools teach all of the following aspects of sexuality, except _____________________.
religious rules against premarital sex
A longitudinal study during the period following high school found several developmental pathways: a group that attended college and was headed toward a career, a group that obtained an associate's or vocational degree and was headed toward a career, and a group of flounderers who had still not established a career trajectory by the ages of 31 to 32. The floundering group consisted of all of the following except people who had __________.
returned to college to pursue a career after trying out several jobs
A network of brain areas that has heightened response to positive stimuli in the environment during adolescence
reward network
Adolescents showed stronger brain activation in the __________ to experiences such as winning money in a game than was the case for younger individuals or adults.
reward network
According to the dual systems model, heightened risk-taking in early to mid-adolescence may be due to an imbalance or gap in development between the __________.
reward network and the executive control network
Ken is juggling homework in literature, history, math, physics, and engineering as part of his senior year in his high school STEM program, and working on the coding portion of his team's semester-long project.
rigorous curriculum
pubic hair, armpit hair, breast development, width of hips in females, deepening of voice in males
secondary sex characterstics
a pattern of change over generations, such as the trend toward earlier menarche between the mid-1800's and the mid-twentieth century in economically developed countries
secular trend
The effects of cyberbullying on an adolescent are __________.
similar to and can compound the effects of in-person bullying
The depressed mood and heightened anxiety experienced by Cyberball players who were artificially made to feel excluded from peers, compared to those who felt included, appeared to be concentrated in the __________ network of the brain.
social
A network of brain areas present from infancy that processes emotional and social stimuli and shows continued development in adolescence
social network
Expectations about their future life course may be partly responsible for differences in school achievement between Latino and Asian American students. Latino students perceive themselves as seeking __________ goals, whereas Asian American students perceive themselves as fulfilling __________ expectations for high school achievement.
social; familial
The boy's first production of sperm
spermarche
the first production of sperm in the testicles in males
spermarche
The drop in school grades and difficulties in psychological adjustment that occur when students make the transition from elementary to middle school can result from a mismatch between the characteristics of early adolescents and the design of middle school schedules and classroom practices, known as a poor __________.
stage-environment fit
Longitudinal studies using Kohlberg's dilemmas in the United States and other societies consistently find that __________.
stages 1 to 4 develop in the order Kohlberg proposed and are found in some form in many cultures
an argument whose conclusion is supported by two premises
syllogism
Intrinsic motivation __________.
tends to decline between middle childhood and adolescence, though less so in high achievers
The self-esteem of the average teenager _______
tends to rise in adolescence
The self-esteem of the average teenager __________.
tends to rise in late adolescence
Adolescents are more at risk for STIs than older age groups because they are more likely to engage in unsafe sex. The variable correlating most strongly with unsafe sex is __________.
the age at which sexual activity begins
All of the following are characteristics of urban high schools that produce better outcomes in terms of grades, test scores, and graduation rates among adolescents from a variety of socioeconomic and ethnic/racial backgrounds except __________.
the use of standardized tests to assess progress
Even though most navigate puberty without problems, early-maturing girls are more likely than on-time or late-maturing girls to drink alcohol, experiment with drugs, and engage in early sex because of a developmental cascade involving all of the following except __________.
their parents treating them as older and allowing them to engage in these practices
Research applying social domain theory (the theory that there are three domains, social-conventional, moral, and personal) across cultures reveals all of the following except __________.
there is agreement across cultures on social-conventional rules but not moral rules
Based on results of surveys, which of the following is a viable way for adolescents to get at least some of the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommended 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise per day?
walking or biking to school
Even though he was initially interested in his history project, Matt keeps finding other things to take up his time, such as practicing his guitar and searching for and posting funny videos from the Internet on social media for his friends.
work-avoidance goal orientation
According to a developmental cascade model of depression, all of the following are biobehavioral systems that normally help an adolescent to adapt to new challenges and form new relationships but, in the case of depression, create a downward spiral of stress and failure at these developmental tasks, except the __________ system.
working memory
Shifts in two biological systems related to sleep patterns are responsible for nighttime wakefulness and daytime sleepiness in adolescence: the homeostatic drive for sleep and the __________.
circadian timing system
It might seem contradictory at first that comprehensive sex-education programs are more effective than abstinence-only programs at delaying the age at which teens become sexually active. One reason might be that __________.
comprehensive programs teach sexual health skills, such as how to refuse unwanted sex and how to avoid risky sexual behavior
According to Kohlberg, living up to people's expectations and following the laws of society are both aspects of
conventional morality
According to Kohlberg, living up to people's expectations and following the laws of society are both aspects of __________.
conventional morality
Why are youths today in adolescence prone to experience MDD (major depressive disorder)?
Adolescents are at greater risk for depression as individuals if they have a genetic predisposition toward stress sensitivity or poor tolerance of stress, or if they experienced early adversity that might have interfered with development of the stress response system. They have greater risk as a group because the stress system, reward system, and mentalizing system undergo reorganization in the brain in adolescence. Not all adolescents become depressed. MDD occurs mainly among those who are biologically predisposed to react more strongly to stressful experiences. Greater stress sensitivity can occur due to a genetic predisposition, or to adversity in early experiences.
Does religious involvement have an association with developmental outcomes like life satisfaction or tendency to internalize problems or lower sexual activity?
Adolescents who are more religious show lower levels of internalizing problems—such as anxiety, depression, and suicidal thinking—and externalizing problems—such as delinquency and substance abuse. The most common reason teens gave for not having sex is that it is against their religious or moral codes or that they hadn't found the right partner yet. In addition, adolescent religiosity is associated with greater life satisfaction and a stronger sense of commitment and purpose in life
Each of the following was a key finding of the MADICS study by Gutman et al. (2017) except __________.
African American teens had both higher educational aspirations and grades than European American teens
an ongoing process in which people select goals that are consistent with educational and occupational opportunities and use available time, effort, and skills in their pursuit
Agentic Striving
What are the best ways the text tells us to prevent STIs?
American teens still need to improve their consistency in using condoms to prevent STIs. Numerous studies have found that comprehensive sex education programs that include education on the use of condoms and contraceptives as well as information about STIs and the day-to-day lives of pregnant teens are more effective than abstinence-only programs in actually delaying the onset of sexual activity, reducing the numbers of sexual partners, preventing STIs, and reducing the number of teen pregnancies
Review the Inhelder and Piaget study on the pendulum experiment - and know what each age group did in that study.
Another type of formal operational reasoning involves isolating and combining variables to draw conclusions, typically in scientific domains. To study this type of reasoning, Inhelder and Piaget (1958) gave 10- to 16-year-olds simplified versions of classic physics problems such as the pendulum problem (see Figure 14.1). To solve each problem, the participants had to isolate variables (manipulate one variable while holding the others constant). For example, in the pendulum problem, participants learned about four variables that could affect the rate of swing of the pendulum: the amount of weight on the pendulum, the length of the pendulum string, the height at which the string is dropped, and the force of the push. The goal of the problem was to discover which factors determine the pendulum's rate of swing. Inhelder and Piaget (1958) found that 10- to 11-year-old children generally tried to test all of the variables at once and typically drew incorrect conclusions. For example, they might put three weights on a short string and two weights on a long string and conclude that weight determined the rate of swing. Between the ages of 12 and 16, however, adolescents adopted a more sophisticated approach in which they held variables constant and manipulated one at a time. This enabled them to discover that only the length of the string affects the rate of swing. Inhelder and Piaget (1958) argued that formal operational thinkers can think of all possible combinations and proceed to test them.
__________ are associated with higher achievement in high school.
Challenging curricula that are relevant to students' lives
What does it mean to co-ruminate and who is most likely to do it?
Co-rumination is a situation in which two friends keep revisiting upsetting issues, putting them at risk of anxiety or depression. Co-rumination is more common among adolescent female friends than male friends and is associated with depressive symptoms in both members of the friendship
At level I (preconventional morality), moral reasoning focused on avoiding punishment (stage 1) or gaining rewards (stage 2). Kohlberg labeled this the preconventional level because judgments were not yet based on rules that govern social interactions within society. *Kohlberg said children under 12*
Preconventional morality (10-16-Preadolescence)
Characteristics associated with development of organs and structures of the body directly involved in reproduction
Primary Sex Characteristics
Is there a relationship between moral thinking and moral behavior?
Researchers have found some associations between moral reasoning stage and behavior, particularly at the higher moral stages
Visible indicators of sexual maturity that are not directly involved in reproduction. Some examples of these include breast development, growth of armpit and pubic hair, the deepening of voice in males, and changes in body shape.
Secondary Sex Characterisitics
According to the social domain theory, what is the earliest age that children are able to distinguish moral issues from social convention issues?
Three
A trend in sexual behavior is that adolescents are waiting longer to initiate sexual intercourse today than in the 1990s.
True
Based on Table 13.1, the largest increase in heterosexual contact occurs between ages 16-17 and 18-19.
True
According to Deanna Kuhn, the ability to manage and deploy cognitive resources improves steadily in adolescence. All of the following observations support this hypothesis except __________.
adolescents allocate more mental resources to school subjects than other activities even if they feel this is not one of their strengths
The stimulation of the gonads to produce sex hormones by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands is called gonadarche, whereas the stimulation of the adrenal glands to produce androgens is called __________.
adrenarche
Severely restrict eating, become emaciated and frequently believe they are unattractively overweight
anorexia nervosa
According to follow-up studies, the types of reasoning in Piaget's fourth stage of development __________.
are present in people with advanced training in a given field
Although they make riskier decisions in everyday life than adults, in laboratory tasks adolescents appear to __________.
be as aware as adults of risks involved in decision making