Chapter 5 The Skeletal System

Approximately how many bones are found in the human body?

There are approximately 206 bones in the adult human body.

Describe three abnormal curves of the spine.

Three abnormal curves of the spine are as follows: kyphosis is an exaggerated convex curve usually associated with the thoracic spine. Lordosis is an exaggerated concave curve usually associated with the lumbar spine. Scoliosis is an abnormal lateral curve of the spine.

Name two types of bone tissue and indicate where they are found.

Two types of bone tissue are cancellous or spongy tissue and dense or compact tissue. Dense bone tissue is found on the outer portion of the bone just under the periosteum. Cancellous tissue is found on the interior of flat bones and in the ends of long bones.

What is a fracture?

A fracture is a break or rupture of a bone.

Which structure connects and supports the bones at the joints?

Bones are supported at the joints by ligaments.

What is a sprain? Describe the difference between the three classes of sprains.

A sprain is an injury to a joint that results in the stretching or tearing of the ligaments. In a class I sprain, the ligament, some discomfort, and minimal loss of function. In a class II sprain, the ligament is torn, with some loss of function. In a class III sprain, the ligaments are torn, and there is internal bleeding and severe loss of function.

What is arthritis? What are the three most common types of arthritis?

Arthritis is an inflammatory condition of the joints often accompanied by pain and changes of bone structure. The three most common types of arthritis are rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gouty arthritis.

Which structure cushions the bones at the joints?

Articular cartilage cushions bones at the joints.

How are the bones nourished?

Bones receive their nourishment through blood vessels that enter through the periosteum into the interior of the bone. Bone marrow also aids in the nutrition of the bone.

Name he various shapes of bones found in the body. Give an example of each.

Flat bones, such as the skull; long bones, such as the legs; short bones, such as the fingers; and irregular bones, such as the vertebrae of the spine.

Which fluid lubricates the joints?

Joints are lubricated by synovial fluid or synovium.

Name the organic and inorganic matter found in bones.

Organic matter of bones consists of bone cells, blood vessels, connective tissue, and marrow. Inorganic matter consists of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

What is osteoporosis? Which precautions must be observed when massaging a person with osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis literally means porous bones and is a condition in which minerals are drawn out of the bones, leaving them brittle and weak. When massaging a person with osteoporosis, the therapist must not use heavy pressure or forceful joint movements, either of which could fracture the weakened bones.

List five types of movable joints and give an example of each.

Pivot joints, as in the neck between the atlas and the axis. Hinge joints include the elbows, knees, and two distal joints of the fingers. Ball and socket joints are in the hips and shoulders. Gliding joints, as in the spine or hand. Saddle joints. as in the wrist, thumb, ankle.

What is the function of red bone marrow?

Red bone marrow is the site of blood cell synthesis.

Why must the skeletal system be considered in the practice of massage therapy?

The form or outline of the bones must be carefully followed and the limitations of the range of movements be considered when practicing massage therapy. Knowing the names of bones serves as a guide in recalling the names of related structure connected with the body part being massaged.

Name five functions of bones.

The functions of the skeletal system are: To offer a framework that supports body structures and gives shape to the body. To protect delicate internal organs and tissues. To provide attachments for muscles and act as levers in conjunction with muscles to produce movements. To manufacture blood cells in the red bone marrow. To store minerals such as calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium, and sodium.

What are the two main parts of the skeleton?

The main parts of the skeleton are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

Which covering protects the bone?

The periosteum covers and protects bone.

Which structures make up the skeletal system?

The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments.

Name three classifications of joints and differentiate between them.

The three classifications joints are synarthrotic joints such as those in the skull, which are immovable; amphiarthrotic joints, which have limited motion; and diarthrotic joints, which are freely movable.

Name two kinds of marrow and where each is found.

Yellow bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of the long bones. Red bone marrow is located in the ends of the long bones and in flat bones. In infants and young children, red marrow also occupies the cavities of long bones.