Chapter 5,6,7 BIO 101 Study Questions

Your leg is used for running, but a kangaroo's is used for hopping. Which one of the following statements best explains the reason they have such similar structures?

Both evolved from a common ancestor.

If a DNA molecule is chemically modified to glow and then replicated, which one of the following would be observed among the two resulting DNA molecules?

Both molecules will glow.

What is a major similarity in genetically modified (GM) plants and mammals?

Both use a plasmid to introduce DNA.

What would happen if one pair of sister chromatids failed to split during mitosis?

One offspring cell would have one chromosome too many and the other offspring cell would have one chromosome too few.

What would happen if nonbranching evolution were the only form of macroevolution?

Only one species would result.

With respect to chromosomes, how does a cell about to start mitosis differ from another cell of the same organism about to start meiosis?

There is no difference between the two types of cells, with respect to the chromosomes.

From a cell division perspective, why are all of the trillions of cells in your body genetically identical?

They are all descendants of a single cell.

Which one of the following are particularly good carries of healthy human genes for therapy?

Viruses

Which (one) of the following parent combinations could produce a daughter with hemophilia?

a father with hemophilia and a mother who is a carrier

If a lake rises and isolates a series of islands, what kind of speciation is most likely to occur among the land-dwelling organisms?

allopatric

You have a chocolate Labrador retriever that is heterozygous for the deafness allele. What gametes will this dog produce?

bD and bd

Why might a molecule of mRNA be shorter than the gene from which it is derived?

because introns are removed

Why can't a plant cell pinch inward and form a cleavage furrow?

because of the presence of the cell wall

Which (one) of the following statements could result in two genes being linked?

close together on the same chromosome

If you produce a genomic library with all the genes in a human cell, which one of the following would be most helpful in finding the few bacteria that contain a particular gene?

complementary probe

Which one of the following phrases best explains why a chromosome in one of your gametes is unlikely to be just like one you received from your parents?

crossing over

Which one of the following terms best explains how one gene can direct the production of several different kinds of proteins?

exon shuffling

If an mRNA contains 300 nucleotides NOT including the start and stop codons), how many amino acids does it encode?

100

If you found a fossil in your backyard that had 25% the level of atmospheric C-14, approximately how old would you estimate it is?

11,200 years

Using the Punnett square shown earlier, what are the odds that the "?" daughter in the pedigree is in fact a carrier of the disease?

2/3

How many years passed between Darwin setting off on his Beagle voyage and the publication of his book?

28 years

How many individual pieces of DNA are in the nucleus of each of your body cells?

46

Which one of the following terms best explains how a person with breast cancer can have the cancer spread to the lungs?

metastasis

Which (one) of the following genotypes would correctly describe a black Labrador retriever?

BB or Bb

Why would a test cross not be an effective way to determine the genotype of a chocolate Labrador retriever?

Because the genotype of a chocolate Labrador retriever has to be bb.

Which one of the following statements best explains why your chromosomes don't contain any uracil (U) bases?

Chromosomes are composed of DNA, which doesn't contain uracil.

Why is this statement incorrect?: During mitosis, chromosomes are duplicated and distributed.

Chromosomes are duplicated prior to mitosis.

Which one of the following statements regarding evolution is FALSE?

Evolution would be expected to proceed more slowly in a rapidly changing environment.

Which one of the following statements regarding STR analysis is FALSE?

Longer STR fragments move more quickly through the gel than smaller fragments during electrophoresis.

What amino acids would be produced by an mRNA with the sequence AUG-ACU-AAU-AGU-UGA? Note: The three-letter abbreviations are used for each amino acid.

Met, Thr, Asn, Ser, Stop

Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

Mutations that are favored by natural selection will decrease in frequency over many generations.

If a nucleotide from your DNA is compared to a random one extracted from a bacterium, which component(s) might differ?

The base only.

If you examine a human cell and observe that it has 23 chromosomes including one Y chromosome, what can you conclude?

The cell is a product of meiosis from a human male.

What is the key feature of meiosis I that differs with respect to mitosis or meiosis II?

The chromosomes line up by homologous pairs.

Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

The number of genes in a genome always correlates with the total size of the genome.

On the Galápagos Islands, Darwin observed bird populations that appeared to have originated with a few birds that migrated from South America. Which evolutionary mechanism does this demonstrate?

founder effect

Of the various reproductive barriers presented, which one(s) come into play after a mating has actually occurred?

gametic incompatibility and hybrid weakness

The scientific name for the wolf is Canis lupus. What level of taxonomic classification does each word represent?

genus and species, respectively

Which one of the following terms best describes a gene that can be responsible for a very large phenotype effect, such as establishing which end of the body is the head?

homeotic

What cellular process can result in a person with 47 chromosomes?

nondisjunction

A mutation to a gene results in the production of a protein that is much shorter than the normal protein. Which (one) of the following mutations is/are most likely the cause?

nonsense only

In human cells, transcription occurs in the __________ and translation occurs in the __________.

nucleus; cytoplasm

Which one of the following statements best explains how the duplication of a growth factor gene could result in cancer?

overstimulation of growth

Which two extensions of Mendelian genetics discussed here are essentially the opposite of each other?

pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance

Which one of the following defines the region to be copied in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

primers

In the procedure shown, why were the plasmid and the human DNA cut with the same restriction enzyme?

so that matching sticky ends were produced

After the polar and brown bears, which two bear species are most closely related to each other?

the American black bear and Asiatic black bear

What event marks the start of the era in which humans evolved?

the extinction of the dinosaurs