Chapter 6

Triple bond

3 shared pairs of electrons

Molecular compound

A chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules

They have high __________________.

MP (means bonds are strong)

_______________________ tend to lose electrons to expose the inner noble gas configuration.

Metals

_______________________ pairs exert a greater repulsion force than _______________________ pairs.

Unshared ; shared

Shared pairs of electrons

are also called bonding pairs, sometimes represented by a long dash.

Unshared pairs of electrons

are also called lone pairs, these pairs of electrons are not involved in bonding and belonging to only one atom.

Polar molecules

are called dipoles because they have two charged ends.

Repulsion between pairs of valence level electrons surrounding an atom causes these pairs to be oriented as ________________________________.

as far apart as possible

Octet Rule

atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to acquire the electron configuration of a noble gas ( 8 electrons in the outer E level).

Has _______________________.

brittle compounds

Electron-dot notation can be used to demonstrate the __________________________________________________________.

changes that take place in ionic bonding

Molten (melted) form also ____________________________.

conducts electricity

In any molecule, polar or non polar, the electrons are in __________________________________.

continuous motion

Polyatomic ions

groups of atoms that are covalently bonded but form an ionic bond with an ion of opposite charge. All have own name, all are anions except for ammonia, and hybrid bonds.

The state of molecules depends on_____________________________________________________________.

how strongly the molecules of a substance attract each other.

Resonance structures show _________________________.

hybrid bonds

Structural formula

indicates the kind, number, arrangement and bonds (but not lone pairs) in a molecule.

Many covalent bonded compounds do not contain ____________________________. They are pictured as continuous, 3d networks of bonded atoms.

individual molecules

A dipole that is created where there was no dipole originally is called an ___________________________.

induced dipole

These temporary dipoles can be _____________________________________.

induced throughout the substance

The forces of an attraction between neighboring molecules are known as ___________________________________.

intermolecular forces

Energy > 1.7 is classified as _______________________.

ionic bond

Main group metals tend to lose electrons to form positive ions (cations). Main group nonmetals tend to gain electrons from negative ions (anions). The electrical attraction between cations and anions is called _______________________________. In purely ionic bonding, atoms completely give up electrons to other atoms.

ionic bonding

Bonding between atoms of different electrons is rarely purely __________________________________.

ionic or covalent

Electron-dot notation

is an electron configuration in which only the valence electrons of an atom of a particular element are shown, indicated by dots placed around the elements. The inner electrons are not shown.

The formula for an ionic compound does not represent and independent unit that can be __________________________________. It represents the simplest ratio of ions that gives electrical neutrality.

isolated and examined

Moderate forces of attraction

liquids

Covalent bonding

metal and metal

Ionic bonding

metal and nonmetal

Chemical bonding is different in _________ than it is in the other forms of bonding. This difference causes the unique properties of metals. They are ________________ of electricity in the solid state due to the mobility of the valence electrons of the atoms that make up a metal.

metals ; good conductors

By bonding with each other, atoms create _____________________________ arrangements of matter.

more stable

Chemical bond

mutual electrical attraction bet. The nuclei and a valence electron of different atoms that binds the atoms together.

This temporary dipole can cause the formation of a temporary dipole on a __________________________________.

neighboring atom

Some compounds are __________________________________.

networks of bonded atoms

If a molecule has only non polar bonds it will be a _______________________________.

nonpolar molecule

Monoatomic ions

one atom ions

Coordinate covalent bonds

one atom supplies both electrons for the bond

Single covalent bonds only _____________________________________ are shared.

one pair of electrons

Hybrid orbitals

orbitals of equal E produced by the combination of 2 or more orbitals on the same atom. The number of hybrid orbitals produced equals the number of orbitals that have combined.

The shape of a molecule and the polarity of its bonds together determines whether a molecule is _________________________________.

polar or non polar

A molecule can be ________________ or ____________________.

polar or nonpolar

A polar molecule (dipole) has one end with a _____________________ charge and another end with a ___________________ charge.

positive ; negative

A crystal a 3-d network of _____________________________ ions mutually attracted to one another. Unlike molecular compounds, an ionic compound is not composed of independent , neutral units that can be isolated.

positive and negative

Ionic bonds form from attractions between ____________________________________________.

positive and negative ions

Dispersion forces are ______________________________________.

present in all molecular subs

Resonance

refers to bonding in molecules or ions that cannot be correctly represented by a single Lewis structure exhibit resonance.

Atoms that have equal or nearly equal attraction for the shared electron so the electron pair is shared equally by the bonded atoms (energy difference 0 to 3.0), _________________________________________________________________________________.

results in an even distribution of electrical charge and is called a non polar bond

Dashes are only used to ________________________________, dots can be used for either covalent bonds or lone pairs.

show covalent bonds

A molecular formula shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a ________________________________ of a molecular compound.

single molecule

Strong forces of attraction

solids

Molecules can be ____________________________________________ at room temperature.

solids, liquids, or gases

It usually falls somewhere in between these extremes, depending on how ________________________ the atoms of each element attract electrons.

strongly

A chemical formula indicates the relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a chemical compound using________________________.

symbols and subscripts

Bond E

the E required to break a chemical bond and form a neutral isolated atoms. Measured in kJ/mole.

Bond length

the average distance between 2 bonded atoms

The degree to which bond is ionic or covalent can be estimated by calculating _____________________________________________.

the energy difference between the two elements

The polarity of a molecule influences ___________________________________________________________________________.

the forces that act between molecules in solids and liquids

Tetrahedral molecule

the four orbitals form from the mixing of s and three p orbitals (109.5 degrees). Called sp cubed orbitals.

Hybridization

the mixing of 2 or more orbitals of similar E on the same atom to produce new orbitals of equal energies.

Intermolecular forces

the state of a substance depends on the strength of the attractions between its particles.

Trigonal planar molecule

the three orbitals form from mixing an s orbital and 2 p orbitals (120 degrees). Called sp squared orbitals.

Linear molecule

the two orbitals around the central atom form from mixing an s orbital and a p orbital (180 degrees). Orbitals are called sp orbitals.

The result is that at a given instant, the electron distribution may be _______________, causing the atom to lose its spherical shape for short periods of time creating a _____________________________.

uneven ; temporary dipole

Dots placed around an element's symbol can represent ________________________________.

valence electrons

When atoms bond, their ______________________________ are redistributed in ways that make the atoms more stable. The way these electrons are redistributed determines the type of bonding.

valence electrons

VSEPR

valence shell, electron pair repulsion

Ionic bonds are _____________________....all ionic compounds are solids at room temperature.

very strong

Many dissolve in ____________________________________.

water and separate into ions

Most atoms are more stable ( have less electrons) __________________________________________________________________________.

when they are combined than they are atoms

Atoms with the greater ________________________________.

energy gains slight negative charge

Lewis structures

formulas in which symbols represent the nuclei and inner shell electron pairs and dot pairs of dashes between 2 symbols represent electron pairs in covalent bonds, dots adjacent to only symbol represent unshared pairs.

Atoms form compounds by _______________,___________________, or __________________________.

gaining, losing, sharing

Less energy _____________________________________.

gains a slight positive charge

Weak forces of attractions

gases

A diatomic molecule contains only _________________.

2 atoms

Multiple covalent bonds

2 or 3 pairs of shared electron pairs

Double bond

2 pairs of electron shared

_________________ tend to form bonds to follow the octet rule.

Atoms

-______________ forms bonds when it has 6 electrons.

B

_______________________ and ____________________ vary from molecule to molecule.

Bond length and energy

____________________________ tend to form so that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, has an octet of electrons in the highest occupied energy level.

Chemical compounds

___________________________ form from shared electrons.

Covalent bonds

A nonpolar molecule ___________________ have these ends with opposite charges.

DOES NOT

Solid state ____________________ because ions are "stuck" together.

DOESNT

- ______________ forms bonds when it has 2 electrons.

H

______________________ tend to gain electrons to fill the outer noble gas configuration.

Nonmetals

Ionic compound

a compound composed of cations and anions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal.

Molecule

a neutral group of atoms that are covalently bonded. A single molecule of a chemical compound is an individual unit capable of existing on its own.

Some molecules and ions cannot be represented adequately by ________________________.

a single Lewis structure

Energy difference < 1.7 has ionic character 50% or less is classified as a _________________________.

covalent bond

Atoms that are joined by _________________________ share electrons. Covalent bonding results from the _______________________________. In purely covalent bond, the shared electrons are "owned" equally by the two bonded atoms.

covalent bonding ; sharing of electron pairs between 2 atoms

Most ionic compound combine in an orderly arrangement called a __________________________.

crystal lattice

Most ionic compounds are __________________________.

crystalline solids

Other elements can be surrounded by more than 8 electrons when they combine with the highly electronegative elements fluorine, oxygen, and chlorine. In these expanded valences cases, bonding involves electrons in the ______________________ as well as in _________________________.

d orbitals; s and p orbitals

The force of attraction between induced dipole is called a __________________________.

dispersion force

Resonance is shown by __________________________.

drawing all possible structures separated by-headed arrows <------>

Will conduct an ____________________ in water.

electric current

The chemical formula of an ionic compound represents the simplest ratio of the compound's combined ions that gives _________________________________.

electrical neutrality

In bonds that have an unequal attraction for electrons (_______________________________________); the electrons are more strongly attracted by the more energy atom. Such as bonds are polar, meaning they have an ____________________________________. A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons.

energy difference 0.3 to 1.7; uneven distribution