Chapter 6 + 7 Key Players and Funding wh
what are the two categories spending on health can be divided into
- Money spent on personal health - Money spent on public health
The United States spent ______% of its GNI on ODA, a rate far below the 0.7% target in the SDGs even though the UnitedStates had the world's _________ ODA budget.
0.17, largest
Costs spent on health care could rise to $____ trillion per year by 2030
16
Of the insured individuals in the US, about ______ had private health insurance and about ________ were on a government plan
2/3, 1/3
in 2015, the United States spent about $______ billion on humanitarian and other foreign aid, which was about 0.9% of total national government spending.
32
Worldwide, more than $_____ trillion was spent on health care in 2015
9
in 2015, about _____% of Americans had health insurance coverage and _____% had no health insurance
91, 9
Most military aid flows through the
Department of Defense (DOD).
Most ODA is donated to low- and middle-income countries(LMICs) by high-income countries that are members of the ____________ ___________ __________ of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Development Assistance Committee (DAC)
business investments made by corporations and individuals in other countries
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
_________ _________ ________ is funded by a combination of grants from one country to another, grants and loans from intergovernmental agencies, and gifts from private-sector foundations, businesses, and individuals
Global public health
donor motivations - _________ ________ may use global health work to cultivate customer loyalty in new markets, take advantage of tax incentives, and foster a shared sense of purpose among employees
Large corporations
donor motivations - ___________ organizations may view global health as a tool for reducing poverty and promoting human flourishing
Philanthropic
funds transferred by international workers back to family members in their home communities
Remittances
Most non-military/security ODA flows through the
U.S.Agency for International Development (USAID).
The country that spends the most on health each year, by far, is
US
The largest multilateral organizations include the
United Nations, the World Bank and other development banks, and the European Union
In 2015, the five donor nations that provided the greatest amount of ODA in total dollars were the
United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, and France
Increasing ________ to affordable health services for the most _________ populations is one of the major goals for health system strengthening in most low-income countries.
access, vulnerable
this type of multilateral aid are mandatory dues calculated from each country's economic and population statistics
assessed contributions
what are the two types of funds associated with multilateral organizations
assessed contributions and voluntary
this type of ODA is money given directly from one country (usually a high-income country) to another country (usually a lower-income country)
bilateral aid
what are the two main types of ODA
bilateral aid and multilateral aid
Aid may be given in the form of ________ transfers, equipment and ________ (such as food and computers), ________ and expert _______, or infrastructure __________
cash, commodities, training, advice, development
a percentage of the costs of care that is paid out-of-pocket by an insured patient
co-insurance
Global public health is funded by a variety of _________
contributors
a fixed fee that is paid out-of-pocket by an insured patient when receiving routine health services
copay
Voluntary contributions can be designated as ________ and ________ funding
core, non-core
Increases in spending on health often require __________ in funding for education and other social services
decreases
the amount that an insured person must spend out-of-pocket on health care each year (in addition to premiums) before the insurance company begins paying for health services
deductible
in low income countries some basic clinical services that have been deemed necessary for achieving high-priority global health goals are paid for by _________ governments and ___________ donors to ensure that these services are available to everyone who needs them
domestic, international
what is the typical path from funds to implementors for global health
donors, channels, implementors
LMICs with a large proportion of children in their populations usually allocate more funding to ________ than to ________
education, health
Most working-aged Americans and their children have ____________ private health insurance
employment-based
The health financing and delivery system in the United States is a notable _______ to the general global trend
exception
Health __________ are a significant component of the global economy, accounting for more than _______% of the world's total gross domestic product (GDP).
expenditures, 8%
in low income countries for other health conditions, both public (governmental) and private healthcare facilities may charge user _______ and require additional _________ for medicines and supplies
fees, payment
donor motivations - Multilateral lending groups may consider global health projects to be good __________ investments
financial
The best ___________ mechanisms for new global health initiatives are sources that are stable and sustainable overtime, that are new funding lines rather than money redirected from another program, and that are managed efficiently without demanding heavy administrative costs or burdening recipient populations
financing
the provision of money for a particular activityand the management of that investment
financing
The U.S. government considers _______ ______ to be a critical contributor to national security because aid supports economic growth, promotes stability, and combats illegal activities
foreign aid
donor motivations - For the governments of high-income countries, health funding for lower-income countries is part of __________ ________ strategies for building trade alliances and protecting homeland security
foreign policy
Each country has a unique mix of strategies for ________ personal health, but there are some general patterns by country income level
funding
Global health _______ aims to address shared health concerns and achieve mutual goals
funding
Government officials must also make critical determinations about how much _________ can be allocated to the health system and how much must be dedicated to __________ other necessary services
funding, maintaining
which country - Employers pay half of the costs for employees, and the government covers the full expense for children and for unemployed adults. - Inpatient care is provided at both public and private hospitals, and most outpatient care is provided at private clinics. - The payments that providers receive for their services areidentical no matter where they work
germany
Financing for ________ health is allocated to both personal and public functions
global
Some _______ health funding helps lower-income countries expand the personal healthcare services that they offer to residents
global
Some ________ health funding supports global health governance, the development and dissemination of new health technologies, pandemic preparedness and response, and other public health functions
global
Governments aiming to achieve UHC must make difficult decisions about which ________ and ________ to cover under the national health plan
goods and services
who pays for personal health and public health in high income countries
government via taxes
In high-income countries health services are typically provided at _________ health facilities or at ________ facilities that receive most of their funds from the government
government, private
Most high-income countries have a _____-_____ healthcare system
government-sponsored
Most high-income countries have a _______-________ healthcare system that is paid for through general ______ revenue, mandatory payments into a government-run social security system, or other types of compulsory contributions
government-sponsored, tax
Local and national _________ spending provides the majority of funding for public health interventions around the world
governmental
The major ____________ insurance plans provide healthcare coverage for older adults, low-income households, and military personnel
governmental
public health initiatives in lower-income countries are often financed with a combination of _______ and ________
governmental and external support
Some other high-income countries use ______ _______ aspart of their strategy for ensuring universal health care coverage
health insurance
is intended to protect insured people from incurring overwhelming expenses if they happen to develop an expensive health condition
health insurance
includes all of the people, facilities ,products, resources, and organizational structures that deliver health services to a population
health system
The governments of high-income countries with aging populations usually allocate more of their budget to ________ than to _______
health, education
The amount of money spent on healthcare services for the average resident each year is much higher in ________-income countries than it is in _______-income countries, even after adjusting for differences in the cost of living
high, low
who pays for personal health and public health in low income countries
households and others, governments and donors
a risk management strategy that protectspurchasers against major financial losses
insurance
what are some examples of public health spending
investigating and containing outbreaks, marketingmass polio vaccination days, using insecticides in outdoorareas to kill mosquitoes, developing evidence-based guidelinesfor screening for chronic diseases and managing them
Resource _________ may mean that only part of a comprehensive strategy for improving health can be publicly funded
limitations
in _______ income countries a mix of public, not-for-profit private, and for-profit formal and informal healthcare providers are available in urban areas, but there may be very few services in rural areas.
low
a federal program that provides funding to states to support state-sponsored health coverage for very low-income citizens
medicaid
the federal health funding system for people who are ages 65 and older and people with serious permanent disabilities
medicare
In ______-income countries the range of services covered by governmental healthcare plans varies widely
middle
this type of ODA is funding pooled from many donor countries.
multilateral aid
money given by the government of a high-income country to the government of a low-income country to support socioeconomic development
official development assistance (ODA)
In low-income countries, most healthcare services are paid for _______________ on a pay-as-you-go basis
out-of-pocket
cash disbursements made by patients and their families in order to receive health services
out-of-pocket (OOP) payments
Personal health expenses relate to the health of one individual or family
personal
with ODA Although some aid is given simply to fight poverty, aid is often tied to the __________ and _________ interests of the donor country
political and economic
Health insurance systems, whether private or public, are funded based on the principle of ________ ________
pooled risk
assumes that if many low-risk people and a few high-risk people all pay premiums to the insurance system over many years, then there will be a pot of money that can be used to pay for major illnesses and injuries when they occur
pooled risk
In places where patients and their families pay out-of-pocket for most health services, the _________ households are often excluded from accessing quality care
poorest
Countries that spread the cost of health services across the whole _________ (through tax revenue or mandatory participation in highly regulated insurance plans) enable everyone to _________ the services that are included in the national health plan
population, access
In most middle-income countries, governments pay for a _______ of health costs but the remaining money spent on health is expended in the form of ______________ (_____) payments
portion, out-of-pocket (OOP)
a monthly fee paid for health insurance
premium
in the US Nearly all health services were provided at _______ facilities.
private
The U.S. has a (mostly) _______-_______ healthcare system (except for ________, etc.)
privately-sponsored, Medicare
________ health expenses relate to shared activities that protect a community, a nation, or the global population at large
public
Low-income countries have a mix of _______ and ______ providers that require _____________ payment at the time of service
public and private, out-of-pocket
what are some examples of personal health expenses
purchasing antibiotics, paying for a midwife, buyingtest strips for self-monitoring of blood glucose levels
Global health funding is about more than the global ____ aiding the global ______
rich, poor
in Germany every resident must belong to a highly regulated _______ ______
sickness fund
The money spent on global public health initiatives comes from a different set of __________ than the money that pays for individual health care
sources
Health system _________ requires a process of identifying priorities and resources, strategizing about the policies that will achieve key goals, transforming those ideas into operational action plans, and then implementing changes and tracking progress toward meeting targets
strengthening,
These spending priorities for health or education are reflected in _______ that ask residents about their perceptions of social services and their overall quality of life
surveys
Most public health activities in higher-income countries are funded by ________
taxes
Multilateral organizations receive ______ types of funds from member nations
two
The USA has a health system that is unique among high-income countries because it is not a ________ _________ _______ system
universal health coverage
present when everyone in a country has access to high-quality health services(including preventive care, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation) and everyone is protected from major health-associated financial shocks via a tax-based financing system or a health insurance plan
universal health coverage
spreads the cost burden for health services across the whole population
universal health coverage
what is another name for core and non-core funding
unrestricted and restricted
