Chapter 6
1) A secondary endocrine organ is one that A) secretes at least two hormones. B) receives communication from at least two hormones. C) secretes tropic hormones. D) is the target of tropic hormones. E) secretes hormones, but is better known for another function.
E
14) The thyroid gland secretes what hormone(s)? A) thyroid hormones only B) thymosin only C) calcitonin only D) both thyroid hormones and thymosin E) both thyroid hormones and calcitonin
E
17) Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the endocrine region of the pancreas? A) insulin B) glucagon C) somatostatin D) pancreatic polypeptide E) cholecystokinin
E
25) Which of the following hormones regulates plasma calcium levels? A) calcitonin only B) calcitrol only C) parathyroid hormone only D) both calcitonin, and oxytocin E) calcitonin, calcitrol, and parathyroid hormone
E
53) What hormone, released from the thyroid gland, regulates blood calcium? A) calcitrol B) calmodulin C) PTH D) calciferol E) calcitonin
E
11) The parathyroid glands secrete calcitonin.
FALSE
14) The parafollicular cells of the thyroid are stimulated by FSH released from the anterior pituitary.
FALSE
2) The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system.
FALSE
9) The hormone thymosin is released from the thyroid gland.
FALSE
16) Which of the following hormones is NOT released from the adrenal gland? A) adrenocorticotropic hormone B) aldosterone C) cortisol D) androgens E) epinephrine
A
20) A person with a pheochromocytoma (a functioning adenoma) is experiencing symptoms created by its hypersecretion of epinephrine, including high blood pressure, elevated heart rate, excessive sweating, anxiety, and weight loss. Where would this neuroendocrine tumor be located? A) adrenal medulla B) adrenal cortex C) hypothalamus D) adenohypophysis of pituitary gland E) neurohypophysis of pituitary gland
A
21) What cells secrete epinephrine from the adrenal gland? A) chromaffin cells B) A cells C) B cells D) D cells E) zona reticularis cells
A
22) All of the following paired hormones have antagonistic effects EXCEPT A) epinephrine and norepinephrine. B) calcitonin and PTH. C) insulin and glucagon. D) PRH and dopamine. E) ANP and aldosterone.
A
24) What anterior pituitary hormone is NOT a tropic hormone? A) prolactin B) growth hormone C) adrenocorticotropic hormone D) follicle stimulating hormone E) luteinizing hormone
A
27) Where does the neural input for circadian rhythmicity of the pineal gland and hypothalamic tropic hormones originate? A) suprachiasmatic nucleus B) paraventricular nucleus C) supraoptic nucleus D) lateral geniculus E) cerebrum
A
30) A 10-year-old with precocious puberty is found to have a space-occupying tumor in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, leading to excessive prolactin release. Which of the following correctly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones? A) decreased PRH, decreased PIH, and increased prolactin B) increased PRH, increased PIH, and increased prolactin C) increased PRH, decreased PIH, and decreased prolactin D) decreased PRH, increased PIH, and increased prolactin E) decreased PRH, decreased PIH, and decreased prolactin
A
31) A person with Cushing's disease is found to have a functioning adenoma in the anterior pituitary causing an increase in ACTH secretion. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes changes in plasma levels of hormones? A) decreased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol B) decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol C) increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol D) decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol E) increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
A
33) The concentration of free hormone in the blood depends on all of the following EXCEPT the A) rate of receptor downregulation. B) amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins. C) amount of hormone temporarily stored in adipose tissue. D) rate of hormone secretion. E) rate at which the hormone is metabolized.
A
38) Vasopressin works on the kidney to decrease urine output, as does aldosterone, but has an effect on blood vessels that is similar to yet another hormone, which is A) epinephrine. B) cortisol. C) ACTH. D) rennin. E) atrial natriuretic peptide.
A
42) Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by GHRH? A) insulin-like growth factors B) glucagon C) thyroid hormone D) cortisol E) sex hormones
A
45) Which pancreatic cell type secretes insulin? A) beta cells B) F cells C) gamma cells D) alpha cells E) delta cells
A
47) Which pancreatic cell type secretes pancreatic polypeptide? A) F cells B) alpha cells C) beta cells D) gamma cells E) delta cells
A
48) What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? A) infundibulum B) sella turcica C) adenohypophysis D) median eminence E) neurohypophysis
A
5) Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________ released from the ________. A) tropic hormones : hypothalamus B) neurotransmitters : hypothalamus C) oxytocin : hypothalamus D) stimulating hormones : posterior pituitary E) releasing hormones : thalamus
A
59) What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down insulin, found in target and kidney cells? A) insulin-degrading enzyme B) insulin-tryptic factor C) enterokinase D) insulin peptidase E) proteasomal peptidase
A
7) Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary? A) prolactin inhibiting hormone B) luteinizing hormone C) follicle stimulating hormone D) growth hormone E) adrenocorticotropic hormone
A
10) Which of the following tropic hormones is also known as the catecholamine, dopamine? A) prolactin releasing hormone B) prolactin inhibiting hormone C) growth hormone inhibiting hormone D) growth hormone E) luteinizing hormone
B
23) Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by gonads? A) testosterone B) oxytocin C) androstenedione D) estradiol E) progesterone
B
3) What is another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? A) adenohypophysis B) neurohypophysis C) pineal gland D) melanocyte E) paraventricular nucleus
B
32) The mechanism of insulin catabolism in target cells is best described as degradation by A) lysosomes following receptor-mediated endocytosis. B) insulin-degrading enzyme following receptor-mediated endocytosis. C) proteases in the extracellular fluid. D) mitochondrial enzymes following receptor-mediated endocytosis. E) peroxisomal enzymes.
B
36) Which of the following produces the hormone calcitonin? A) pancreas B) thyroid gland C) posterior pituitary D) adrenal cortex E) adrenal medulla
B
39) Oxytocin is produced by neurons of the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus, but is released into the bloodstream where? A) uterus and breast tissue B) neurohypophysis C) anterior pituitary D) hypothalamic-pituitary portal system E) capillary beds of the median eminence
B
52) Inhibition of TRH release by the thyroid hormones is an example of A) positive feedback. B) long loop negative feedback. C) positive neuroendocrine reflex. D) negative inhibition. E) short loop negative feedback.
B
56) An alteration within the anterior pituitary that decreases the secretion of thyroid hormone would be termed a ________ disorder. A) primary secretion B) secondary secretion C) tertiary secretion D) TSH hypersecretion E) secreting tumor
B
11) Which of the following is a CORRECT example of long-loop negative feedback? A) TSH inhibits the release of TRH. B) TSH stimulates the release of TRH. C) Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH. D) FSH inhibits the release of GnRH. E) GH stimulates the release of GHIH.
C
13) The release of ________ from the pineal gland is important for establishing ________. A) melatonin : thirst B) prolactin : circadian rhythm C) melatonin : circadian rhythm D) prolactin : breast milk production E) melanin : thirst
C
15) What is triiodothyronine? A) a catecholamine released from the adrenal cortex B) a catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla C) a thyroid hormone, also known as T3, secreted from the thyroid gland D) the hormone secreted from the thymus E) the hormone secreted from the pineal gland
C
18) What hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal gland? A) cortisol B) androgens C) aldosterone D) epinephrine E) progesterone
C
2) Which of the following endocrine organs essentially secretes hormones from neurons? A) pancreas B) adrenal cortex C) hypothalamus D) gonads E) thymus
C
26) What hormone is secreted by the heart? A) erythropoietin B) thymosin C) atrial natriuretic peptide D) epinephrine E) somatostatin
C
28) Abnormal hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release are called A) primary secretion disorders. B) hypersecretions. C) secondary secretion disorders. D) hyposecretions. E) tertiary secretion disorders.
C
29) Which of the following changes in plasma levels would be observed in a primary hyposecretion of cortisol? A) increased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol B) decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol C) increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol D) decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol E) increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
C
34) When the response to two hormones is greater than the sum of the individual responses, the response is described as A) permissive. B) antagonized. C) synergistic. D) additive. E) agonistic.
C
37) The hormones somatostatin, insulin, and glucagon are all produced by what mixed endocrine/exocrine gland? A) thyroid gland B) adrenal medulla C) pancreas D) adrenal cortex E) posterior pituitary
C
40) Which hormone's release is governed by GnRH? A) cortisol B) glucagon C) sex hormones D) thyroid hormone E) insulin-like growth factors
C
41) Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by CRH? A) sex hormones B) insulin-like growth factors C) cortisol D) glucagon E) thyroid hormone
C
43) Which hormone's release is ultimately affected by TRH? A) cortisol B) insulin-like growth factors C) thyroid hormone D) glucagon E) sex hormones
C
44) Which pancreatic cell type secretes somatostatin? A) gamma cells B) beta cells C) delta cells D) alpha cells E) F cells
C
46) Which pancreatic cell type secretes glucagon? A) gamma cells B) beta cells C) alpha cells D) F cells E) delta cells
C
49) What are hormones that regulate the release of other hormones? A) secondary hormones B) stimulatory hormones C) tropic hormones D) release regulating hormones E) primary hormones
C
50) What is the hormone whose release is stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in men? A) LH B) GnRH C) inhibin D) calcitonin E) testosterone
C
55) What are the two classes of input that can alter the secretion of hormones? A) compression and release B) anticipated input and reflexive input C) neural signals and humoral signals D) chemical signals and mechanical input E) motor signals and sensory signals
C
57) Acromegaly is caused by a(n) A) decrease in growth hormone in adults. B) decrease of insulin-like growth factors. C) increase in growth hormone in adults. D) cortisol deficiency. E) thyroid deficiency.
C
58) A hormone is ________ when a second hormone is required for the first hormone to have any activity. A) tropic B) additive C) permissive D) synergistic E) submissive
C
9) Which of the following correctly describes a pathway for secretion of a hormone under the control of tropic hormones? A) CRH stimulates ACTH release, which stimulates somatomedin release. B) PRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release. C) GHRH stimulates GH release, which stimulates insulin-like growth factor release. D) GnRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release. E) TRH stimulates TSH release, which stimulates thymosin release.
C
12) Which of the following is a CORRECT example of short-loop negative feedback? A) Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TRH. B) Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TSH. C) TRH stimulates the release of thyroid hormones. D) TSH inhibits the release of TRH. E) TRH inhibits the release of TSH.
D
19) What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens? A) zona reticularis only B) zona fasciculata only C) zona glomerulosa only D) both zonae reticularis and fasciculata E) both zonae reticularis and glomerulosa
D
35) All of the following hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex EXCEPT A) aldosterone. B) androgens. C) cortisol. D) epinephrine. E) both male and female sex hormone precursors.
D
4) What hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, functions in uterine contraction and milk letdown in the breast? A) somatomedin B) vasopressin C) antidiuretic hormone D) oxytocin E) prolactin
D
51) What are the two hormones released in females in response to LH? A) GnRH and GHRH B) ANP and EPO C) prolactin and oxytocin D) estrogens and progesterones E) androgens and estrogens
D
54) Parathyroid hormone regulates blood levels of what ion? A) potassium B) chloride C) sodium D) calcium E) T3
D
6) What ensures that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary? A) degradation rates of tropic hormones B) affinity of the tropic hormones C) hepatic portal system D) hypothalamic-pituitary portal system E) pulsatility of tropic hormone release
D
8) Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary? A) growth hormone releasing hormone B) corticotropin releasing hormone C) follicle releasing hormone D) gonadotropin releasing hormone E) follicle stimulating releasing hormone
D
1) A releasing hormone is a type of tropic hormone.
TRUE
10) Secondary endocrine organs include the heart, liver, kidneys, stomach, duodenum, and skin.
TRUE
12) The zona fasciculata secretes both androgens and glucocorticoids.
TRUE
13) All hormones of the adrenal cortex are steroid hormones.
TRUE
15) Insulin-like growth factors are secreted by the liver and function to promote tissue growth.
TRUE
16) The magnitude of response at the target cell depends on both the concentration of hormone and the concentration of receptor.
TRUE
17) Lipophilic hormones may be temporarily stored in adipose tissue, thereby affecting free levels of the hormone in the blood.
TRUE
18) Hormones transported in blood bound to proteins are metabolized more slowly than those traveling dissolved in plasma.
TRUE
19) Regulation of insulin release by blood glucose levels is an example of humoral control of hormone secretion.
TRUE
20) Growth hormone has direct action on target cells throughout the body.
TRUE
21) Drinking the contents of an apple in the form of apple juice will cause a greater spike in serum glucose, and a subsequently greater insulin release, than by eating the apple in its natural state.
TRUE
22) Kidney cells contain insulin-degrading enzyme.
TRUE
3) The secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic tropic hormones.
TRUE
4) Growth hormone functions as both a tropic hormone and as a hormone that acts on target cells throughout the body.
TRUE
5) Blood glucose levels are regulated by insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone.
TRUE
6) The only non-peptide/protein tropic hormone is dopamine.
TRUE
7) The release of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary is under control of the same hypothalamic tropic hormone.
TRUE
8) In a short negative feedback loop, a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary inhibits the release of its own releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.
TRUE