Chapter 6

An inhibited temperament is associated with:

high and stable heart rate, high level of cortisol, high activity in the right frontal lobe

Which caregiving style is related to the insecure resistant style of attachment in infants?

inconsistently available and usually not affectionate

slow-to-warm-up child

A child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.

easy child

A child who is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences

difficult child

A child who tends to react negatively, cry frequently, is slow to accept new experiences, and has irregular daily routines.

attachment

A close emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver.

anger cry

A cry with more excess air forced through the vocal chords.

basic cry

A rrhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

social smile

A smile in response to an external stimulus, which, early in development, is typically a face.

reflexive smile

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli.

pain cry

A sudden beginning of loud crying without preliminary moaning, followed by an extended period of breath-holding.

Jay Belsky

Marital relations, parenting, and infant behavior have both direct and indirect effects on one another

Regarding gender differences in parental caregiving, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Maternal interactions usually center on child-care activities.

Kathleen McCartney

Offered advice on child care

scaffolding

Parents' time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with the parents.

goodness of fit

Refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.

Joseph Campos

Research on the development of infant emotion.

__________ is parental behavior that supports children's efforts, allowing them to be more skillful than they would be if they were to rely solely on their own abilities.

Scaffolding

Which of the following researchers did NOT study attachment?

Sheila Kamerman

reciprocal socialization

Socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents, just as parents socialize children.

Margaret Mahler

Stressed that independence is an important issue in the second year of life

Jerome Kagan

Suggested that temperament classifications should focus on affect, approach, and control

Which country has the most extensive family leave policy for new parents?

Sweden

The principle of reciprocal socialization suggests that parents __________ socialize children and children __________ socialize parents.

do; do

Which set of descriptors is associated with a famous study of infant temperament?

easy child, difficult child, and slow-to-warm-up child

social referencing

"Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.

For the average infant, social smiles begin to appear at:

2 to 3 months.

Stranger Anxiety usually emerges gradually. It appears at about ______, and continues to escalate through _______.

6 months, 12 months

temperament

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding.

separation protes

An infant's distressed reaction when the caregiver leaves.

stranger anxiety

An infant's fear and wariness of strangers; it tends to appear in the second half of the first year.

Strange Situation

An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.

Michael Lewis

Argues that jealousy does not emerge until approximately 18 months of age

insecure resistant babies

Babies that often cling to the caregiver, then reject him or her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

insecure avoidant babies

Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the caregiver.

insecure disorganized babies

Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented.

securely attached babies

Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

John Watson

Believed that parents reward crying and increase its incidence by responding too often to infants' cries

John Bowlby

British psychiatrist who stated that attachment has a biological basis

Alexander Chess & Stella Thomas

Described easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up temperaments in infants

Margaret Mahler

Developmentalist who said children go through separation and individuation

Mary Ainsworth

Devised the Strange Situation to measure attachment in children

Researchers have found that _________ infants display less frequent, and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino white infants.

East Indian

primary emotions

Emotions that are present in humans and other animals, and emerge early in life; examples are joy, anger, sadness, fear and disgust.

self-conscious emotions

Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me"; examples include jealousy, empathy and embarrassment.

emotion

Feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to them.

Jacob Gewirtz

Found that a caregiver's quick, soothing response to crying increased crying

__________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

Goodness of fit

Mary Rothbart and John Bates

Infant temperament can be classified into three types: extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control

In a recent study on child care, conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, which of the following was found to be FALSE?

Infants in more than 10 hours per week of day care demonstrated lower levels of attachment to their mothers

Erik Erikson

Infants learn trust when cared for in a consistent, warm manner; if they are not well fed and kept warm, they develop a sense of mistrust

Harry Harlow

Tested Freud's theory of attachment by studying oral gratification in monkeys

Baby Joshua lets out a long initial cry followed by an extended period of breath holding. This pattern can best be described as a (an):

pain cry.

According to Bowlby, in which phase do infants develop specific attachments?

phase 3

Mai uses her mother as a secure base from which to explore her environment. Which type of baby would she be classified as?

securely attached

Baby Elizabeth has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood. She would best be described as:

slow-to-warm-up.