CHAPTER 6 AMERICAN GOVERNMENT
choosing _____- will more accurately predict the outcome of most elections
likely voters
how many states are allowed to vote on the same day they registrate?
13 plus DC
what are the three conditions that must be met to guide a government
1. The people know what they want and guide government decisions 2. The public can clearly communicate its desired to political leaders 3.Political leaders pay attention to public views and respond
In ________ 4__________professors published a book that hit america lke a thundercap. The american Voter
1960, Michigan professors
what year did african americans vote at a higher level then white americans?
2012
people sharing specific factors: for example age, ethnicity, race religion or country of origin
Demographic group
Performed on election day, both by campaigns and news organizations these surveys intercept people as they exit.
Exit polls
_______ is the tendency among a small group of decision makers to converge on a shared set of views. it can limit creative thinking or solutions to policy problems
Groupthink
what was the biggest poll blooper ever?
Hilary Clinton in the 2016 election
what state has some of the lowest incomes in the country but still is mainly rupublican?
Kansas
what president states " Tell me where a man comes from, how long he went to school, and where he worships on sundays and i'll tell you his political views"
Lyndon Johnson
what is an example of a issue advocacy?
NRA, AARP
what state and mayor proposed to ban sugary drinks larger than 16 ounces?
NY, Michael Bloomberg to fight the war on obesity
known as the motor voter law which permits citizens to register to vote when they receive their drivers license.
National Voters Registration Act of 1993
who tightens the voting registration?
Republicans
popular historian ______ summef up this gloomy perpective in the title of bestseer Just how stupid are we? facing the truth about the american voter
Rick Shenkman
who believes that the federal government leads to personal dependency?
Senator Orrin Hatch
the difference between a poll result and an election result in which voters gave a socially desirable poll response rather than a true response that might be perceived as racist
The Bradley effect
what is engaging in politics through the formal channels of government and society?
Traditional Participation
__________ means engaging in politics through the formal channels of government organized by federal and state constitutions and developed over time.
Traditional participation
what are some ways of traditional participation?
Voting, working for a candidate, signing petitions, and writing letters
a well known political journalist and culture critic who believed the typical american was sdistracted by celebrities and minor scandals, rarely follow policy issues closely enough to understand the details
Walter Lippman
who published "The masses are asses"
Walter Lippmann
what three states conduct voting by mail?
Washington, Colorado and Oregon
A professional actor involved in political issue campaigns, increasingly valuable in winning attention for one's cause.
actorvist
to conduct a sampling frame they must range in what?
age, education, income, race or ethnicity groups, gender and other factors
the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
alienation
why don't people vote?
alienation, institutional barriers,complacency, shifting mobilization matters
A measure of public support for a political figure or institution is the ________.
approval rating
a movement for reform that appears to be from the grassroots but is actually mobilized by political professionals
astroturf
the ______________- in polling varies considerable from place to place and election to election. it can be exaggerated by media coverage
bandwagon effect
when people join a cause because it seems popular or support a candidate who is leading in the polls
bandwagon effect
__________ are conducted by a campaign sa the race begins, these surveys provide a basis, these surveys provide a basis for comparison for later polls. candidates can tell if their likelihood of winning is rising or falling
benchmark polls
____ is when a candidate who has been consistently ahead in opinion surveys performs worse then expected on election day. the logic is that supporter see a big lead for their candidate, figure that she will win without any difficulty and don't bother to vote
boomerang effect
internal surveys conducted by a campaign once election season begins. they provide details about how a candidate is preforming. if they are preforming poorly it can be put out the _________ opposition
brushfire
Using insider language to get an audience to identify with you is called:
dog whisling
Citizen participation in public life without government incentives or coercion
civic volunteerism
ocassionally direct action goes further and violates the law through ____----
civil disobedience
protesting laws one considers unjust by refusing to obey them- and accepting the punishment
civil disobedience
Democratic engagement in an online age: point your mouse, click, and you have donated funds, "liked" a candidate, or (in some states) even cast your vote.
clicktivism
women lean more _______ by 5%
democratic
shorthand for the sheer volume of information and noise generated by online sources. it can be an disincentive to participate polically.
din
what is participating outside of normal political and social channels through civil disobedience, demonstrations and even riots
direct action
when people feel that traditional forms of participation aren't working they sometimes seek change outside of normal channels and take __________
direct action
some experts says that ___________ matters most when picking a political party.
economic interest
What discourages political participation?
elections held on, tuesdays, more frequent elections, holds primary elections, registering to vote can be burdensome
public engagement in the form of voting, running for office, volunteering on a campaign, or otherwise participating in elections
electoral activities
what is it called when you go to meetings/rallies. post signs in their lawns or put bumper stickers on your car
electoral activities
a random collection of people is actually wiser than a group of ________ when it comes to devising the best solution to a policy dilemba
experts
what is the most reliable route in political activity?
face to face encouragement
name some political socializations
financial interests, family, friends, education, gender, race, religion and major life events
When elites compete to shape members of the public's views on issues, they are trying to
frame the issue
what is the influence on the respndent of how a polling question is asked, changes in wording can significantly alter many peoples answers
framing effect
a movement for political reform that is sparked at the local level. from the ground up, figuratively speaking
grassroots
Benjamin Page and Robert Shapiro argued that most of us use _______________ to arrive at resonable judgements about politics and government
information shortcuts
______ are cues about candidates and policies drawn from everyday life
information shortcuts
__________ : for most individuals the cost of voting outweighs the apparent benefits. ecomonic theory would predict very low voter turnout, given this anaylsis
irrationality of voting
what is organized effort to advance or block a proposed public policy change
issue advocacy
persons identified as probable voters in an upcoming election, often preferred by polling organization, but difficult to specify with great accuracy
likely voters
what was a poll blooper?
literary digest predicted that franklin roosevelt wasn't going to win because its readers tended to be wealthy people.
people with more money will vote for _______ and people with less will vote for _______
lower taxes, more social programs
________ political authority claimed by an election winner as reflecting the approval of the people
mandate
The degree of inaccuracy in any poll, arising from the fact that surveys involve a sample of respondents from a population rather than eery member.
margin of sampling error
a statistical calculation for how accurate your poll results are. by carefully designing their polls, national surveys are able to achieve small errors with as few as 1k to 1500 respondants
margin of sampling error
In other cases than president, governor or large city mayor many respondants prefer the candidate who is _______
named first
an example of irrationality voting
one person does make a difference
a strong supporter of a person, party, or cause; strongly supporting one side only
partistan
factors that spur individuals to participate
personal background ( age, wealth and education), influence of family members, community that surrounds them and mobilization efforts by advocacy and political parties, receiving benefits ( in that order)
__________ are the issues that the media covers, the public considers important, and politicians address. setting the agenda is the first step in political action
policy agenda
polls matter most in setting the ___________
policy agenda
individuals who control significant wealth, status, power, or visibility and who, consequently, have significant influence over public debates
political elites
who do most people look up to other than friends and family?
political elites
Efforts to encourage people to engage in the public sphere: to vote for a particular candidate (and donate money, work on the campaign, etc.) or to get involved in specific issues.
political mobilization
what do we call the many forces that shape our political attiudes and values?
political socialization
what is the process by which individuals acquire their political values and outlooks
political socialization
what is it called when you exercise ones public rights, often through speaking out in protest or in favor of some policy change
political voice
A form of negative campagining that masquerades as a regular opinion survey. they are usually conducted by a campaign or allied group and feature strongly critical or unflattering information about an opponenet.
push poll
______ are essentially a form of negative telemarketing
push poll
effort which do not even pretend to be legitimate attempt to measure opinions for termed____________
push polls
The tendency of poll respndents to misstate their views, frequently to avoid shameful opinions that might appear sexist or racist
response bias
a designated group of people from whom a set of poll respondents is randomly selected
sampling frame
professional pollsters are careful to construct a _________
sampling frame
a shift from parties to advocacy groups as the main agents of political mobilization adds up to a circle of non-participation
shifting mobilization patterns
Relations between people that build closer ties of trust and civic engagement, yielding productive benefits for the larger society
social capital
what is an example of civic volunteerism?
speaking at a town meeting vs paying taxes
informal polls carried out by local party organization or news outlets. they involve actual nonbinding votes cast by party members. media reports the results
straw polls
_____________ attitudes drive public opinion and politics
subconcious
systematic study of defined population, analyzing a representive samples views to draw inferences about the larger publics views. also termed opinion poll
survery research
__________ is scientific measure of popular opinion, can offer a snapshot of public opinion.
survey research
what is the opposite of the bandwagon effect?
the underdog effect
before you start kicking down doors or dialing numbers consider the ________ of your survey
timing
what are the three categories of political participation?
traditional participation, civic volunteerism, and direct action
milton lodge and Charles Yaber argue that citizens evaluate political leader and issues by relying ON _________________
unconcious political thinking ( people are sensitive on subtle cues
______ is when sympathy for a candidate behind in the polls, contributing to a higher than predicted vote total and sometimes a surprise election victory
underdog effect
a strategy to influence the outcome of an election by discouraging or preventing people from exercising the right to vote
voter surpression
a measure of what proportion of eligible voters actually casts a legitimate ballot in a given election
voter turnout
what is the most important aspect of political participation?
voting
who was a young black farmer who arrived in tuscaloosa alabama in 1964 who had to take literacy tests as white voters streamed past
will walker
voter suppression tries to limit who from voting?
young people, minorities
