Chapter 6- Bloodborne Pathogens

Hepatitis E

-Hepatitis E is a liver disease that is usually self-limiting with no chronic state. -spread by contaminated food or water, and only a handful of cases have been reported in the United States.

Hepatitis C

-causes approximately 30% of acute viral hepatitis cases in the United States and is a bloodborne disease. -HCV has been transmitted to medical health care workers through needlestick injuries. However, as long as Standard Precautions and other infection control procedures are used, dental and medical procedures in the United States generally do not pose a risk for spread of HCV. -Leading cause of liver cancer -Those at the highest risk for HCV infection are injection-drug users and recipients of clotting factors made before 1987. -no vaccine

Hepatitis B

-inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids. -1.2 million carriers in the U.S. -Easy to kill with disinfectant -If symptoms develop after infection, they begin to appear 45 to 180 days (average of 60 to 90 days) after exposure. Roughly one-third of those infected (see Fig. 6.1) exhibit the more easily recognizable symptoms of yellowing of the skin (jaundice) and whites of the eyes, light-colored stools, dark urine, joint pain, fever, rash, and itching. -Has a Vaccine

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

-involves HIV infection and progresses to a final phase called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). - Progression from the initial phase of the disease (HIV infection) to the terminal phase of the disease (AIDS) has been lengthened significantly through the combined use of antiviral drugs. Effective therapy in the United States has made HIV disease a manageable affliction -member of a group of single-stranded RNA viruses called retroviruses. HIV type 1 (HIV or HIV-1) is the most common worldwide cause of HIV disease. HIV type 2 causes another less aggressive immunodeficiency syndrome -primarily infects T4 lymphocytes but also can infect macrophages and a few other cell types. These special lymphocytes are the cells that regulate the immune response.

Life expectancy after contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is 5 years. 10 years. 15 years. 25 years.

25 years.

Homosexual contact accounts for which percentage of AIDS cases? 10% 35% 48% 82%

48%

Which percentage of hepatitis B (HBV) cases are asymptomatic? 15% 33% 50% 75%

75%

Which point of contact is NOT a primary route of transmission for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? Blood Casual Sexual Perinatal

Casual

Which hepatitis virus is transmitted through contaminated food and water? Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E

Which is NOT a blood-borne pathogen? Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Herpes labialis Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Herpes labialis

Which scenario presents the highest risk of contracting AIDS? Bitten by HIV-infected patient Blood transfusion with HIV-infected blood Intravenous drug abuse using shared needles Homosexual contact with a man who injects drugs

Intravenous drug abuse using shared needles

Which mode of transmission is the leading cause of AIDS? Breastfeeding Sexual contact Needle sharing Occupational accident

Sexual contact

A percutaneous transmission spreads through which route? Skin Lungs Blood Mucous

Skin

Acute Retroviral Syndrome (ARS)

The symptoms of initial infection with human immunodeficiency virus (fever, rash, muscle/joint pains, sore throat, swollen glands, diarrhea)

Percutaneous

Through the skin, such as a needle stick, a cut, or a human bite

Which is a recognizable symptom of a hepatitis B (HBV) infection? Vomiting Coughing Yellow skin Loss of vision

Yellow skin

All of the following types of viral hepatitis are bloodborne except hepatitis a. A b. B c. C d. D

a. A

A hepatitis B carrier is: a. HBsAg-positive b. anti-HBsAg-positive c. HIV-positive

a. HBsAg-positive

Which is a correct statement about hepatitis B? a. Only about one-third of those infected have recognizable symptoms. b. Most dental assistants who have been working for more than 5 years get hepatitis B. c. Most persons who get hepatitis B die. d. Hepatitis B is usually spread through drinking contaminated water.

a. Only about one-third of those infected have recognizable symptoms.

Most persons who develop HIV disease become HIV-positive within __________ after exposure. a. 1 to 2 weeks b. 6 to 12 weeks c. 5 to 6 years d. 9 to 10 years

b. 6 to 12 weeks

Which of the following is not a mode of spread of HIV disease? a. Percutaneous b. Inhalation c. Sexual activities d. From infected mother to child at birth

b. Inhalation

How does HIV cause AIDS? a. It destroys the liver. b. It destroys the body's defenses against diseases. c. It destroys the ability to control muscle action. d. It paralyzes the body.

b. It destroys the body's defenses against diseases.

Occupationally acquired hepatitis B in health care workers is most commonly contracted: a. by ingesting contaminated water b. through sharps injuries c. through inhalation of respiratory aerosols

b. through sharps injuries

The best way for one to avoid contracting a bloodborne disease in the office is: a. not to shake hands with the patients b. to wear a mask all day long even between patients c. to handle sharps carefully

c. to handle sharps carefully

About how many persons in the world have been infected with HIV? a. 4000 b. 400,000 c. 4 million d. 78 million e. 400 million

d. 78 million

About what percent of persons infected with hepatitis C virus become chronic carriers of the disease? a. 5 b. 25 c. 55 d. 80 e. 99

d. 80

The vaccine for hepatitis B protects against: a. hepatitides A, B, C, and D b. hepatitides B and D c. hepatitides B, C, and D d. hepatitis D

d. hepatitis D

The risk of getting AIDS as a dental assistant is: a. very high b. high c. moderate d. very low

d. very low

Hepatitis A

does not pose a particular occupational risk to dental workers or patients, because this form of hepatitis is spread primarily by the fecal-oral route involving consumption of contaminated food or water. A vaccine is available

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

early manifestations of AIDS occur as oral lesions. Oral manifestations include fungal diseases such as candidiasis (thrush), histoplasmosis, geotrichosis, or cryptococcosis; viral diseases such as warts, hairy leukoplakia, or human herpesvirus type 1 (herpes simplex) infection; bacterial diseases such as rapidly progressing periodontitis or gingivitis; and cancerous diseases such as Kaposi sarcoma (recently associated with human herpesvirus type 8) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Which body system is destroyed by HIV disease? Nervous Immune Endocrine Respiratory

immune

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the __. cell liver lungs kidney

liver

There are nearly a __ Hepatitis B (HBV) carriers in the United States. billion million hundred thousand

million

Blood-borne pathogens enter the __ during some dental procedures. ears eyes heart mouth

mouth

seroconversion

the period of time during which HIV antibodies develop and become detectable