Chapter 6 (Cognitive and Observational Learning)

Why are human biologically prepared to fear snakes and not guns?

Guns are a more recent addition to our evolutionary history.

To learn most effectively, you should _____ your study time and study material in _____ order.

distribute, a different

Research indicates that test performance is better if students use study materials that ____________________ and ______________________

need to be rearranged; distribute their studying time over several sessions.

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

_____ removes the effects of an aversive stimulus, whereas _____ removes the possibility of an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place.

Escape learning; avoidance learning

The learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus is known as the _____.

conditioned response

Observational learning:

involves a change in behavior as a result of watching others.

Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to

the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.

In classical conditioning, the process during which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus is known as _______.

Acquisition

_____ create(s) situations that make acquiring new knowledge more challenging and with benefits that are less obvious in the short term.

Desirable difficulties

Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo" doll study?

Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children.

Frederick trained his parrot to open the door to his cage by pecking at a lever three times. Frederick used a _____ schedule of reinforcement to encourage the desired behavior.

Fixed- ratio

As a consequence for misbehaving, many teachers use "timeout." How does this consequence affect students' behavior?

It takes away a stimulus to decrease bad behaviour

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly improved.

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning?

Rats were able to learn without receiving reinforcement.

According to your textbook, which of the following is true about animals teaching other members of their species?

Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviors to others through imitation.

A friend regularly spanks his children to decrease their misbehavior. Which statement is most accurate in regard to using spanking as form of corporal punishment?

Spanking can be an effective method of punishment but carries risks of additional negative outcomes.

Which is the best explanation, that is based on classical conditioning, for why diet beverages do not prevent people from gaining weight?

The artificially sweetened beverages seem to stimulate hunger for high-calorie foods.

The concept of latent learning was developed by ___________.

Tolman

Sylvia used to play with balloons. When she tried to blow up a balloon last week, it popped in her face and gave her quite a scare. Now, blowing up a balloon is so scary that Sylvia will not try it. In this example, the pop is a(n) _____ and the balloon is a(n) _____.

Unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Which is the most accurate conclusion from the large body of research that exists on the effects of viewing media violence?

Viewing aggression is related to increased aggression and desensitization to violence.

Which of the following is true about the relationship between media violence and aggression?

Watching media violence is positively correlated with aggression, but it is difficult to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.

cognitive processes

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed ratio

Which of the following is most likely an example of a desirable difficulty when studying for a test?

having the material in the lecture presented in a different order than in the textbook

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Contrary to some early behaviorist views, _____ suggest(s) that learning can occur without any immediate behavioral evidence.

latent learning

Learning that is not directly observable is called

latent learning

Sarah has just received her driver's license and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred.

latent learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behavior is reflective of ________ learning.

observational

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, Julie applies some to her own lips. Julie acquired this behavior through ________________.

observational learning

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?

observational learning

Researchers use the term desirable difficulty to refer to:

situations that make acquiring new knowledge more challenging, but help long-term learning.

In a demonstration of observational learning, rats can identify food that is safe to eat by:

smelling the breath of other rats.

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as supporting observational learning?

stress

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of:

the formation of a cognitive map.

Pete cannot seem to stop checking the change slots of vending machines. Although he usually does not find any money, occasionally he finds a quarter. Despite the low levels of reinforcement, this behavior is likely to persist due to _____.

the partial reinforcement effect