Chapter 6 Consciousness
Which of the following creates gaps in attention and perception? A. Selective attention B. Sustained attention C. Continuous attention D. Persistent attention
A. Selective attention
Which of the following describes the interrelation of concentration and attention? A. The perceptual load model B. The cognitive load theory C. The global workspace model D. Baddeley's model
A. The perceptual load model
What stage does wakefulness without awareness suggest? A. Vegetative B. Drowsiness C. Lucid dreaming D. Comatose
A. Vegetative
Leticia suffers an accident which makes it impossible for her to open her eyes. Additionally, she also becomes unresponsive to any stimulus. What is the most likely reason for her enduring loss of consciousness? A. Damage to the corpus callosum of the brain. B. Absence of the corpus callosum of the brain. C. Damage to the reticular formation of the brain. D. An overactive reticular formation of the brain.
C. Damage to the reticular formation of the brain.
Prescription cough medicines today often include _______, a safer alternative to heroin. A. amphetamine B. barbital C. codeine D. diazepam
C. codeine
Arjun is in a condition wherein he is fully awake, but not aware. This is most likely because he is: A. in a coma. B. driving. C. extremely drunk. D. sedated.
C. extremely drunk.
The world's most commonly consumed psychoactive drug is: A. barbiturate. B. cocaine. C. caffeine. D. opium.
C. caffeine.
Information can make its way into consciousness through the unattended ear if it is: A. monotonous. B. meaningful. C. random. D. trivial.
B. meaningful.
Meditation: A. can disrupt concentration. B. stabilizes attention. C. makes the mind hyper. D. cannot bring one's attention back to something.
B. stabilizes attention.
______ is a synthesized form of the derivative of the grain fungus ergot. A. Ecstasy B. Cocaine C. Marijuana D. LSD
D. LSD
For some people, LSD use can lead to panic and negative experiences known as: A. euphoria. B. spiritual experiences. C. bad trips. D. bulimia nervosa.
C. bad trips.
Which of the following terms refers to a class of marijuana-like chemicals produced by human bodies? A. Antibodies B. Endocannabinoids C. Free radicals D. Antioxidants
B. Endocannabinoids
The natural painkiller in the human body is: A. melatonin. B. endorphin. C. serotonin. D. epinephrine.
B. endorphin.
How long does the night's first episode of REM sleep usually last? A. 8-10 minutes B. 2-3 minutes C. 12-14 minutes D. 10-20 minutes
A. 8-10 minutes
The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as: A. intelligence. B. awareness. C. wakefulness. D. memory.
B. awareness.
In humans, a surge of melatonin release occurs during the: A. evening. B. night. C. afternoon. D. morning.
A. evening.
Tamara complains that her husband can actually sleep anywhere and anytime. He can sleep for more than 10 hours a day, notwithstanding the fact that he even dozes off during meals and in the middle of conversations. If Tamara's husband visits the doctor, the doctor is most likely to diagnose his problem as ______. A. hypersomnia B. insomnia C. cataplexy D. somnambulism
A. hypersomnia
Newborns of many species, especially humans, spend more time in ________ sleep. A. non-REM B. REM C. slow-wave D. deep
B. REM
The suprachiasmatic nucleus influences the release of melatonin by its effect on the: A. hypothalamus. B. pineal gland. C. pituitary gland. D. thyroid gland.
B. pineal gland.
Which of the following statements is true of dreams? A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage. B. Full-blown dreams are more common during non-REM than REM sleep. C. Dreams occur only in REM stage. D. Dreams coincide with the occurrence of sleep spindles.
A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage.
Which of the following is true about brain waves? A. Beta waves are higher in energy than alpha waves. B. Alpha waves are slower and lower in energy than theta waves. C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves. D. Alpha waves are more rapid than beta waves.
C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves.
When can a person in a vegetative state be said to exhibit intentional thought? A. When the responses are communicative B. When the body only responds to stimuli causing shock c D. When the instructions are merely registered in the brain
C. When the brain responds to commands
EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal: A. protracted REM sleeping patterns. B. absence of sleep spindles. C. abnormality in sleep spindles. D. normal REM sleeping patterns.
C. abnormality in sleep spindles.
If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row. A. two B. three C. four D. five
D. five
Talking while driving: A. increases activity in regions of the brain associated with spatial processing. B. has no impact on the activity in areas of the brain associated with language processing. C. has no impact on the activity in regions of the brain associated with spatial processing. D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing.
D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing.
When a person is roused by sounds that seem important while filtering out the rest that seem run-of-the-mill, he/she is in a(n) ________ state. A. minimally conscious B. objectively conscious C. subjectively conscious D. moderately conscious
D. moderately conscious
Sleep A. slows metabolism. B. increases metabolism. C. increases cellular damage. D. does not affect the release of free radicals.
A. slows metabolism.
In which stage of sleep do short periods of extremely fast and somewhat higher energy sleep spindles occur in which stage of sleep? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4
B. Stage 2
Which of the following is also known as the love drug? A. Opium B. Ecstasy C. Cocaine D. LSD
B. Ecstasy
If an awake and alert person undergoes a brain wave test, what will it reveal? A. Beta waves B. Alpha waves C. Theta waves D. Delta waves
A. Beta waves
GABA is: A. a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity. B. unrelated to the central nervous system activity. C. a neurotransmitter that increases central nervous system activity. D. a neuropeptide that functions inversely with the central nervous system.
A. a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity.
An EEG test taken during Stage 1 of sleep that one enters after feeling relaxed will reveal the brain waves change from ________ to ________ waves. A. alpha; theta B. theta; alpha C. beta; theta D. theta; beta
A. alpha; theta
Graham displays a heightened sense of awareness of events in his environment. For instance, when he picks a book to read, he pores over every bit of information given about the author, edition, preface, and even the colors and images on the cover page. This is indicative of the fact that Graham is a(n) ________ person. A. mindful B. docile C. rational D. versatile
A. mindful
Which of the following can lead one to consciously attend to something? A. When neurons from one region of the brain work together B. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together C. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work independently D. When neurons from one region of the brain work independently
B. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together
What were the results of the experiments conducted on participants who were variously administered mild pain, imagined pain, and hypnotized pain? A. Participants reported actually feeling pain only for real pain. B. Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain. C. Participants reported not feeling pain for hypnotically induced pain. D. Participants reported feeling pain for imagined pain.
B. Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain.
John is a heavy binge drinker who has trouble with planning, working memory, and abstract thinking. Scanning of John's brain would reveal that he has a damaged: A. parietal lobe. B. frontal lobe. C. occipital lobe. D. temporal lobe.
B. frontal lobe.
The greatest amount of REM sleep over the life span occurs: A. in old age. B. in the first months of life. C. in the later part of gestation. D. at the onset of adolescence.
B. in the first months of life.
Tatiana is in an unresponsive condition though she can open her eyes. This suggests that she is in a(n) ________ state. A. comatose B. vegetative C. drowsy D. unconscious
B. vegetative
Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of: A. cognition and memory. B. wakefulness and awareness. C. ignorance and wakefulness. D. awareness and cognition.
B. wakefulness and awareness.
Which of the following is the most widely used depressant? A. Morphine B. Analgesic C. Alcohol D. Coffee
C. Alcohol
Which of the following is NOT an example of Circadian rhythms? A. Body temperature B. Sleep-wake cycle C. Menstrual cycle D. Hormone production
C. Menstrual cycle
What does REM stand for? A. Repetitive eye movement B. Random eye movement C. Rapid eye movement D. Reflexive eye movement
C. Rapid eye movement
Behavioral responsiveness is not the only determining factor of an individual's capacity to communicate with other people. B. An individual in a vegetative state cannot react to any stimulus from the environment. C. Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world. D. An individual in a vegetative state can show signs of awareness without wakefulness.
C. Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world.
Which of the following holds true for a minimally conscious person? A. Inability to exhibit intentional thought B. Inability to track a person with eyes C. Inability to communicate D. Ability to show voluntary behavior
C. Inability to communicate
What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate? A. It is a heightened state of imagination. B. It is more like role-playing. C. It is a real activity that the brain experiences. D. Hypnotized individuals do not give up control of their behavior.
C. It is a real activity that the brain experiences.
What happens when one learns something new and stores it as short-term or long-term memory? A. It has no bearing on synaptic connections. B. Synaptic connections get weakened. C. Synaptic connections get strengthened. D. Increase in the release of Schwann cells.
C. Synaptic connections get strengthened.
According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them? A. There was no effect on the neurons. B. The growth of neurons increased. C. The growth of new neurons was inhibited. D. The neurons started behaving erratically.
C. The growth of new neurons was inhibited.
Mary is a coffee lover. However, heeding her friend's advice, she resolves to stop her coffee consumption for good. Mary is most likely to show the withdrawal effect of: A. increased energy. B. elated mood. C. headache. D. increased concentration.
C. headache.
The ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others is termed as: A. sustained attention. B. focused attention. C. selective attention. D. Stroop effect.
C. selective attention.
Which psychologist coined the term preconscious? A. Piaget B. Skinner C. Erikson D. Freud
D. Freud
Mehroof, 20 years of age, suffers an accident which causes him to lose consciousness. He is declared to be in a comatose state. Which of the following can be useful in detecting the degree of his coma? A. Stroop test B. Rancho Coma Scale C. MRI test D. Glasgow Coma Scale
D. Glasgow Coma Scale
When an individual engages in synchronization, she or he: A. hallucinates. B. has a subconscious experience. C. becomes unconscious. D. has a conscious experience.
D. has a conscious experience.
Anita has trained herself well to be less self-conscious and less anxious than what she previously was. This is due to the fact that she is: A. very attentive. B. minimally conscious. C. low on self-consciousness. D. highly mindful.
D. highly mindful.
The body's biological clock is located in the: A. pituitary gland. B. pineal gland. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus.
D. hypothalamus.
Chen is attending a lecture where his professor requests all students to give their undivided attention to an important concept he intends to explain. The professor is actually interested in the students'________ attention. A. focused B. sustained C. alternating D. selective
D. selective
The feeling of being in love is attributed to: A. objective consciousness. B. intelligence. C. psychic consciousness. D. subjective consciousness.
D. subjective consciousness.
What do alpha brain waves indicate? A. A state of drowsiness and relaxation B. Dreaming C. Very deep sleep D. A state of active wakefulness
A. A state of drowsiness and relaxation
Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate? A. Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation. B. It is possible for us to be aware of all material at all times. C. All of us can do more than one thing at a time without compromising our performance on either task. D. Consciousness causes us to react to all stimuli.
A. Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation.
When does sleepwalking usually occur? A. During non-REM sleep B. During REM sleep C. While hallucinating D. During increased activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
A. During non-REM sleep
Which of the following is NOT a component of the test that reveals the degree of coma? A. Emotional responsiveness B. Verbal responsiveness C. Motor responsiveness D. The degree of eye opening
A. Emotional responsiveness
Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language? A. Growth of new neurons B. Elimination of obsolete neurons C. Increase in the activity of the parietal lobe D. Weakening synaptic connections
A. Growth of new neurons
Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis? A. Hallucination B. Nausea C. Hypersomnia D. Narcolepsy
A. Hallucination
Which of the following symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can be best described as convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus? A. Hallucinations B. Insomnia C. Tremors D. Seizures
A. Hallucinations
Which of the following refers to a phenomenon by which one fails to notice unexpected objects in her or his surroundings? A. Inattentional blindness B. Subliminal perception C. Change phenomenon D. Visual masking
A. Inattentional blindness
Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild-to-moderate intake of tea and energy drinks? A. Increased heart rate B. Better motor coordination C. Decreased alertness D. Nausea
A. Increased heart rate
Which of the following is a form of mental training that can be used to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness of the present moment? A. Meditation B. Sleep C. The administration of a psychoactive drug D. Sensory deprivation
A. Meditation
Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings? A. Melatonin B. Serotonin C. Dopamine D. Cortisol
A. Melatonin
Which of the following is a powerful stimulant that is more difficult to quit and also reduces blood supply to skin tissue? A. Nicotine B. Caffeine C. Endorphin D. Heroin
A. Nicotine
The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles. A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus B. Supraoptic nucleus C. Ventromedial nucleus D. Amygdaloidal nucleus
A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Which of the following is an attentional process that helps determine the contents of consciousness at any given moment in time? A. Sustained attention B. Flashing attention C. Alternating attention D. Divided attention
A. Sustained attention
Which of the following best describes sustained attention? A. The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea B. The ability to direct one's sense organs to form a complete perspective C. The ability to respond simultaneously to multiple task demands D. The neural process that enhances one's involuntary reflexes
A. The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea
Which area in the brain gets subdued as a result of hypnosis that does not let a person experience pain? A. The cortical area B. The autonomous nervous system C. The axons D. The hypothalamus
A. The cortical area
Which of the following, in all probability, creates a consolidation of discrete experiences that evokes a holistic experience of something? A. The synchrony of cell assemblies B. Metaplasticity C. Tetanic stimulation D. Long-term potentiation
A. The synchrony of cell assemblies
Individuals with no previous meditation experience who underwent eight weeks of mindfulness meditation training showed: A. an increased EEG activity in the left frontal cortex. B. an increased EEG activity in the right frontal cortex. C. an increased EEG activity in the occipital lobe. D. a decreased EEG activity in the occipital lobe.
A. an increased EEG activity in the left frontal cortex.
Neuroimaging studies of people learning to navigate a virtual maze show: A. an increased activation in the hippocampus. B. a decreased activation in the hippocampus. C. an increased activation in the hypothalamus. D. a decreased activation in the hypothalamus.
A. an increased activation in the hippocampus.
Multitasking _____ learning. A. compromises B. bolsters C. makes no difference to D. facilitates
A. compromises
According to Buxton, it is okay to sleep less than the optimum duration as long as: A. it falls in the appropriate circadian circle. B. it is at a place with appropriate lighting. C. it encourages appropriate metabolic cleansing. D. it is done right after learning a task.
A. it falls in the appropriate circadian circle.
According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the: A. latent level. B. subliminal level. C. deep level. D. manifest level.
A. latent level.
When one multi-tasks, there is: A. less sustained attention. B. more sustained attention. C. less selective attention. D. less inattentional blindness.
A. less sustained attention.
By age 1, the REM sleep drops to about: A. 28 percent. B. 50 percent. C. 33 percent. D. 40 percent.
A. 28 percent.
Adults move through about ________ different cycles of non-REM and REM sleep every night, with each cycle lasting roughly ________ minutes. A. 4-6; 90 B. 2-3; 40 C. 8-10; 10 D. 12-14; 2-3
A. 4-6; 90
The average of non-REM sleep per day that newborns spend is: A. 8 hours. B. 4 hours. C. 12 hours. D. 14 hours.
A. 8 hours.
Which of the following tests is used to study sustained attention? A. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) B. Raven's Progressive Matrices Test C. Stroop Test D. Stanford-Binet Test
A. Continuous Performance Test (CPT)
What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal? A. Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning B. Highly hypnotizable people had more activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning C. Less hypnotizable people were able to suppress the Stroop effect D. Both the highly hypnotizable and less hypnotizable people could remain resistant and show the same activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning
A. Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning
Which of the following holds true regarding hypnosis? A. Hypnotized people are in reality awake. B. Hypnotized people are in reality asleep. C. Hypnotized people have voluntary control over their own behavior. D. Hypnotized people retain critical faculties of mind.
A. Hypnotized people are in reality awake.
Which of the following is a marker of Stage 2 sleep? A. K-complexes B. Transient activations C. Vertex waves D. Small amplitude delta frequency waves
A. K-complexes
The dropping of the sensory curtain indicates the beginning of ________ of sleep. A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4
A. Stage 1
Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness? A. When the various sensory elements get integrated. B. When the mind is awake but not very aware. C. When different sensory elements work one at a time. D. When the mind withholds information needed to do complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehension, and learning.
A. When the various sensory elements get integrated.
Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt? A. William Dement B. Nathan Kleitman C. Eugene Aserinsky D. Sigmund Freud
A. William Dement
The limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control best defines the term: A. attention. B. chunking. C. intuition. D. encoding.
A. attention.
Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems. A. circadian rhythm B. ultradian rhythm C. nocturnal rhythm D. infradian rhythm
A. circadian rhythm
A person in a ________ state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness. A. comatose B. conscious C. sensitive D. hypoactive
A. comatose
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n): A. depressant. B. vasodilator. C. corticosteroid. D. opioid.
A. depressant.
A flawed belief that physicians had about anyone who was vegetative was that the individual: A. does not react to stimuli from the environment. B. shows signs of motoric response. C. reacts to external forces. D. shows signs of awareness without wakefulness.
A. does not react to stimuli from the environment.
Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests: A. lysergic acid diethylamide-25. B. methamphetamine. C. methylenedioxymethamphetamine. D. amphetamine sulfate.
A. lysergic acid diethylamide-25.
As one moves from Stage 2 to Stage 3 sleep, an EEG will show the waves change from ________ to ________ waves. A. theta; delta B. beta; theta C. alpha; theta D. delta; theta
A. theta; delta
Which of the following best describes narcolepsy? A. A sleep disorder that causes an almost irresistible urge to move one's legs or arms B. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles C. A sleep disorder where the facial muscles are hyperactive D. A sleep disorder in which breathing temporarily stops during sleep due to blockage of the upper airways
B. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles
Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance? A. Hallucinations B. Addiction C. Stroop effect D. Hypnosis
B. Addiction
What does mindfulness meditation encourage? A. Attention to the details of past experience B. Attention to the details of momentary experience C. Diverting selective attention toward thoughts D. Maintaining a consistent behavioral response during multi-tasking
B. Attention to the details of momentary experience
Which of the following acts as a stage for the main event of the brain at a given moment in time? A. Memory B. Consciousness C. Perception D. Cognition
B. Consciousness
How many stages are there to non-REM sleep? A. Three B. Four C. Five D. Six
B. Four
Mia, a five-year-old, vividly dreams about visiting a fairyland and meeting a fairy godmother who gives her a rare protective amulet. What does this imply? A. Mia is in Stage 4 sleep. B. Mia is in REM sleep. C. Mia is in Stage 3 sleep. D. Mia is in non-REM sleep.
B. Mia is in REM sleep.
Which of the following can be classified as an opioid? A. Pentobarbital B. Morphine C. Chlordiazepoxide D. Diazepam
B. Morphine
What does the term preconscious refer to? A. Intentionally repressed material that takes the form of unconscious B. Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness C. Repressed unconscious material that cannot be consciously recollected D. Preexisting material immediately realizable to awareness
B. Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness
Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights? A. Ecstasy B. Psilocybin C. Morphine D. LSD
B. Psilocybin
Alisha is employed as an air traffic controller. Which of the following abilities would be vital for Alisha? A. The ability to individually respond to specific auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli B. The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity C. The capacity to maintain quick and enhanced behavioral responses to involuntary stimuli D. The capacity for mental flexibility that allows her to shift the focus of attention and move between tasks which have different cognitive requirements
B. The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity
Salim likes to have coffee. He has begun to consume several cups of coffee even when he has nothing much to keep himself busy. He says that coffee keeps his spirits up by alleviating boredom. This indicates that Salim A. has kept himself away from an overdependence on coffee. B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee. C. has developed a physical dependence on coffee. D. is experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee.
What does the AIM theory argue? A. Conflicting impulses, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind are released as a visual compromise. B. Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity. C. Dreams are not very different from everyday thinking. D. All dreams operate at a single level, and not multiple levels.
B. Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity.
Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep? A. It inhibits neural growth. B. It consolidates memory. C. It enhances cellular damage. D. It resists metabolic cleanup.
B. It consolidates memory.
Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning? A. It stimulates the supraoptic nucleus. B. It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus. C. It stimulates the nucleus accumbens. D. It stimulates the dorsomedial nucleus.
B. It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
What did researchers' study of sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) reveal? A. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 5 minutes. B. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes. C. The accuracy in detecting targets declines considerably after 15 minutes. D. The accuracy in detecting targets increases considerably after 15 minutes.
B. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes.
If the doctors give Terry a score of 14 on the coma test, what does it imply? A. She cannot recover from her condition. B. She can respond verbally and motorically. C. She can respond only motorically. D. She can respond neither verbally nor motorically.
B. She can respond verbally and motorically.
Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect? A. A strong urge to nap at inappropriate times, such as during meals or in the middle of conversations. B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful. C. A mental state that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by lack of voluntary control over behavior. D. The ability to create a false sensory perception not related to real external stimuli.
B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful.
Which of the following statements would be true about a sleeping person? A. The mind cannot distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. B. The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. C. The mind does not respond to any kind of stimuli. D. The sleeping state is akin to being in a preconscious state.
B. The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli.
Which of the following is true about a person's performance and hippocampal activation? A. The more hippocampal activation shown during high-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. C. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the worse the person performs on the task the next day. D. The less hippocampal activation shown during high-wave sleep, the worse the person performs on the task the next day.
B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day.
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of a flow state? A. The experience of always being depressed regardless of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. B. The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity. C. The phenomenon of things eventually falling in place after a string of mishaps. D. The state of suspending non-belief in order to make something seem credible.
B. The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity.
Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia? A. They are less likely to cope with medical conditions. B. They are more likely to be iron deficient. C. They are more likely to consume alcohol. D. They are more prone to sleep less than two to four hours a day for two weeks or more.
B. They are more likely to be iron deficient.
Jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience? A. Decay theory B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon C. Motivated forgetting D. Freudian slip
B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Which of the following views did psychologist Ernest Hilgard subscribe to? A. Under hypnosis, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind come to the fore. B. Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input. C. Hypnotized individuals actually involve in role-playing by behaving the way they think a hypnotized person would behave. D. Hypnosis does not alter consciousness, nor do hypnotized individuals give up control of their behavior.
B. Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input.
When does an individual attain a flow state? A. When he/she is barely awake or aware but shows some deliberate movements. B. When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks. C. When he/she is barely able to maintain focused awareness on a target. D. When he/she recollects material that is potentially accessible but not currently available to awareness.
B. When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks.
A weakness of facial muscles and muscles in limbs that people experience with narcolepsy is: A. apnea. B. cataplexy. C. synaptic malfunction. D. catalepsy.
B. cataplexy.
Which of the following is most often used to treat narcolepsy? A. Benzodiazepines B. Opioids C. Amphetamines D. Heroin
C. Amphetamines
In the biological theory of dreams, the three-dimensional AIM cube depicts all states of consciousness occupying a different space. Why does REM sleep occupy the lower front right portion of the cube? A. Because it is active, external, and logical B. Because it is non-active, external, and logical C. Because it is highly active, internal, and loose D. Because it is non-active, internal, and loose
C. Because it is highly active, internal, and loose
Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative? A. Nitroglycerin B. Hydrocodone C. Benzodiazepines D. Serotonin
C. Benzodiazepines
What were the findings of the fMRI study of people driving in a simulator while using a hands-free device? A. Decrease in frontal lobe activity B. Increase in parietal lobe activity C. Decrease in the parietal lobe activity D. Increase in frontal lobe activity
C. Decrease in the parietal lobe activity
Which of the following refers to the pattern followed by sleep? A. Ultradian rhythm B. Nocturnal rhythm C. Infradian rhythm D. Circadian rhythm
C. Infradian rhythm
Which of the following is true of nightmares? A. It is also known as night terrors. B. It is rarely experienced by adults. C. It is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder. D. It never occurs with cancer patients.
C. It is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder.
According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following refers to two distinct levels of consciousness in the context of dreams? A. Implicit and explicit levels B. Internal and external levels C. Latent and manifest levels D. Superficial and subliminal levels
C. Latent and manifest levels
According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder? A. Cocaine B. LSD C. MDMA D. Heroin
C. MDMA
What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do? A. Shift their focus of attention and move between tasks that have different cognitive requirements B. Respond discretely to specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli C. Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time D. Respond to multiple task demands simultaneously
C. Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time
Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS? A. Dextroamphetamine B. Oxycodone C. Marijuana D. Ecstasy
C. Marijuana
Which of the following offers specific practices for working with consciousness? A. Awareness B. Wakefulness C. Meditation D. Hypnosis
C. Meditation
Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has? A. The serial-position effect B. The Stroop effect C. The cocktail party effect D. Perceptual constancy
C. The cocktail party effect
Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day? A. The biological theory B. The AIM theory C. The cognitive theory D. The psychoanalytic theory
C. The cognitive theory
Which of the following best describes moderate consciousness? A. The unconscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness B. The conscious experience of knowing something that can be brought into awareness C. The conscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness D. The unconscious experience of knowing something that can be brought into awareness
C. The conscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness
Which of the following tests, upon research, yielded classic scientific evidence for selective attention? A. The Stroop test B. The right-left orientation test C. The dichotic listening test D. The trail marking test
C. The dichotic listening test
Which of the following holds true when a person is fully awake? A. The person is in a fully conscious state at all times. B. The person cannot be in a minimally conscious state for prolonged periods of time. C. The person can experience vacillating consciousness. D. The person cannot experience states of moderate consciousnesses.
C. The person can experience vacillating consciousness.
In a study by researchers, what did MRI scans of meditators and non-meditators reveal? A. Those who had meditated the shortest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. B. Those who had meditated the longest showed the least cortical thickness in certain areas. C. Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. D. Those who had meditated the longest showed decreased brain tissue in areas relevant to attention and emotion processing.
C. Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas.
Which of the following is an alternate way to pay back sleep debt used by many people? A. Increased alertness during the following day B. Enhanced memory C. Use of nicotine D. Careful and vigilant driving habits
C. Use of nicotine
Which of the following best describes the circadian rhythm? A. Variations in physiological processes that exclude the sleep-wake cycle B. Variations in physiological processes that cycle longer than 48 hours C. Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period D. Variations in physiological processes that take more than once a year to complete one cycle
C. Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period
When mild to moderate alcohol consumption is said to be beneficial, it suggests that no more than ________ drinks a day appears to provide protective effects on the ________. A. four; general health B. one; physical health C. two; cardiovascular system D. three; psychological system
C. two; cardiovascular system
What did Barber and colleagues find when they asked students to complete a daily sleep log and online diaries of perceived stress in life over a five-day period? A. A few days of sleep deficiency early on in the week can add to psychological strain but can be offset with sleep later in the week. B. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week does not contribute to psychological strain. C. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep. D. Consistent sleep patterns can wear us down as the body then cannot adjust suitably to any inconsistency in sleep that may arise.
C. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep.
Which of the following best describes free radicals? A. The tiny gap between nerve cells across which neurotransmitters pass. B. Specialized cell that supports, protects, or nourishes nerve cells. C. By-products of oxygen metabolism. D. Thick bundles of nerve cell fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres.
C. By-products of oxygen metabolism.
What did studies on the effects of ancient calming techniques by psychologists and neuroscientists indicate? A. Mental life and neural structure share an interdependent but not a dynamic relationship. B. Mental life and neural structure do not function interdependently. C. Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence. D. Mental life and neural structure, though interrelated, do not witness any changes throughout life.
C. Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence.
Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true? A. Mindfulness is a universal and a uniform phenomenon. B. Individuals who are mindful are not aware of their own feelings in response. C. Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity. D. An individual cannot develop his/her mindfulness using mental training techniques.
C. Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity.
Which of the following holds true regarding consciousness? A. Much of what we do requires deliberate, conscious thought. B. Consciousness is an easily defined term. C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically. D. Consciousness has five aspects to it.
C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically.
What were the findings of the study of the effects of sleep deprivation on performance? A. Participants who had more than the normal REM cycles performed better. B. Participants who had less than normal amounts of non-REM sleep performed better. C. Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better. D. The presence or absence of REM or Non-REM sleep was immaterial as long as participants could relax for some time.
C. Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better.
When do people respond easily to hypnosis? A. When they are fully conscious. B. When their critical faculties of mind are in control. C. When they are relaxed. D. When they have voluntary control over their own behavior.
C. When they are relaxed.
Nathan is a budding lawyer experiencing troubled sleep. Let alone the occasional disturbed sleep, he takes not less than two hours to fall asleep. Even though he has been getting sleep at times since the last three weeks, he complains of not feeling rested after a night's sleep. Nathan's symptoms suggest that he suffers from: A. Kleine-Levin Syndrome. B. hypersomnia. C. insomnia. D. somniphobia.
C. insomnia.
While sleeping, a person's awareness: A. is consistent. B. is heightened. C. is greatly diminished. D. disappears.
C. is greatly diminished.
People show signs of intentional behavior when they are: A. in an unconscious state. B. comatose. C. minimally conscious. D. in a subconscious state.
C. minimally conscious.
A recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies on sleep and mortality revealed that: A. people who slept less than six to eight hours showed greater longevity. B. people who slept more than six to eight hours showed greater longevity. C. people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer. D. sleep is unrelated to an individual's mortality.
C. people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer.
What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Stayer? A. 52% of the population can switch from tasks without any performance decrements. B. 67% of the cell phone users keep their cell phones next to their beds. C. 4.4% of the population checks their phones even when they are not ringing. D. 2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements.
D. 2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements.
Which of the following enables the occurrence of a conscious experience? A. A static connection between the brain's various processing areas B. A weak connection between the brain's various processing areas C. A random connection between the brain's various processing areas D. A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas
D. A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas
What does the AIM stand for? A. Activation, intensity, and mechanism B. Ambiguity, intensity, and movement C. Alertness, integration, and mechanism D. Activation, input, and mode
D. Activation, input, and mode
Which of the following terms refers to synthetically produced compounds that produce long-lasting excitation of the sympathetic nervous system that keeps one motivated and elevates mood? A. Opioids B. Caffeine C. Nicotine D. Amphetamines
D. Amphetamines
Which of the following holds true of an individual during the different stages of sleep? A. An individual in Stage 2 experiences no K-complexes. B. An individual in Stage 4 sleep experiences more sleep spindles than Stage 3. C. An individual in Stage 3 experiences more K-complexes than Stage 2. D. An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2.
D. An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2.
Which of the following can be considered a key element of consciousness? A. Intuition B. Knowledge C. Optimism D. Attention
D. Attention
Which of the following do magic tricks take advantage of? A. Audience's sustained attention B. Audience's divided attention C. Audience's short attention span D. Audience's focused attention
D. Audience's focused attention
Which of the following is used in anesthesia to pacify people during certain medical procedures? A. Vasodilators B. Benzodiazepines C. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D. Barbiturates
D. Barbiturates
How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration? A. By decreasing the activity of the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain B. By producing a long but mild sense of euphoria C. By increasing the higher social regulatory functions of the cerebral cortex D. By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses
D. By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses
Which of the following is a characteristic of children with chronic sleep disturbances? A. Improved cognitive development B. Increased neural connectivity in the brain C. Growth of neurons in key memory areas of the brain D. Decreased neural connectivity in the brain
D. Decreased neural connectivity in the brain
_____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic. A. Leptokurtic reaction B. Circadian dysrhythmia C. Excessive sleepiness D. Delirium tremens
D. Delirium tremens
Which of the following is true of nicotine? A. It reduces heart rate. B. It relaxes the autonomic nervous system. C. It arouses the skeletal muscles. D. It increases respiration rate.
D. It increases respiration rate.
Which of the following is true of REM? A. It is characterized by delta waves on ECG. B. It is a sound and dreamless sleep. C. It is characterized by total lack of muscular activity. D. It is characterized by active dreaming.
D. It is characterized by active dreaming.
Fatema is a marketing head based in New York who is required to travel a lot. She is even required to travel frequently across Asian and African countries for short periods of time. The disruptive effects of jet travel make her disoriented, groggy, irritable, and fatigued. If she visits her doctor, which of the following will most likely be prescribed for her? A. Testosterone B. Serotonin C. Progesterone D. Melatonin
D. Melatonin
According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction times? A. Chatting with someone in the vehicle B. Using the phone with a hands-free device C. Eating D. Texting
D. Texting
What happens when one switches from one simple task to another? A. There is absolutely no lost time, unlike while switching between complex tasks. B. The amount of lost time is high. C. There is an equal amount of lost time just as in switching between complex tasks. D. The amount of lost time is low.
D. The amount of lost time is low.
Which of the following refers to a widely-held scientific belief in the 1950s? A. Dreams occurred in the passive state of sleep. B. The brain was active throughout sleep. C. Dreaming happened in the inactive stage of sleep. D. The brain was relatively inactive during sleep.
D. The brain was relatively inactive during sleep.
Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior? A. The psychoanalytic theory B. Baddeley's theory C. The cognitive load theory D. The perceptual load theory
D. The perceptual load theory
Which of the following refers to the manifest content of a dream? A. The unconscious part B. The hidden part C. The subliminal part D. The superficial part
D. The superficial part
In which state will a person be wakeful but not very aware? A. Active B. Daydreaming C. Cogitating D. Vegetative
D. Vegetative
What are the two aspects of consciousness? A. Alertness and wakefulness B. Awareness and control C. Memory and alertness D. Wakefulness and awareness
D. Wakefulness and awareness
With each progressive cycle, the REM periods A. show negligible fluctuations. B. are shorter. C. become nil. D. are longer.
D. are longer.
Studies in mice show that there is substantial increase in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows for the cleansing of _____. A. cellular proteins B. neural anti-bodies C. digestive enzymes D. cerebral toxins
D. cerebral toxins
According to the research that studied people new to meditation, compared to a control group, novices who underwent an 8-week meditation training program showed a(n): A. decrease in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing. B. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with spatial visualization. C. decrease in growth of brain tissues associated with spatial visualization. D. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing.
D. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing.
The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC. A. 0.1 B. 0.03 C. 0.05 D. 0.08
D. 0.08
How long does it usually take for one to make the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of sleep? A. 15-17 minutes B. 10-12 minutes C. 1-2 minutes D. 5-7 minutes
D. 5-7 minutes
How can concentration meditation help an individual? A. It can lead to an increase in impulsive responding. B. It can lead to an increase in constant attention shifts. C. It can lead to an increase in divided attention. D. It can lead to an increase in sustained attention.
D. It can lead to an increase in sustained attention.
Which of the following is true about people who sleepwalk? A. People who sleepwalk do not engage in activities that normally occur during wakefulness. B. People who sleepwalk are easy to rouse. C. People who sleepwalk are likely to be acting out a dream. D. People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up.
D. People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up.
What was the findings of the experiment that yielded scientific evidence for selective attention? A. Recall was equally bad for both ears. B. Recall was worse for the attended ear. C. Recall was equally good for both ears. D. Recall was better for the attended ear.
D. Recall was better for the attended ear.
Which of the following holds true of the brain? A. The brain cannot consolidate learning in sleep. B. The brain cannot consolidate memories in sleep. C. Napping after learning typically reduces performance. D. Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep.
D. Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep.
Which of the following holds true regarding sleep? A. The conscious mind and the outside world completely draw a blank. B. The sleeping state is irreversible. C. The sleeping state has the conscious mind perceiving all the sensations of the outer world. D. The sleeping state can be immediately reversed.
D. The sleeping state can be immediately reversed.
With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that: A. the brain can slip into states of minimal consciousness. B. the brain was relatively inactive during sleep. C. there is no distinct pattern of brain activity during sleep. D. sleep changes throughout the night.
D. sleep changes throughout the night.
The fact that newborns and infants spend so much more time in REM sleep than adults has led some researchers to hypothesize that: A. our brains are most plastic in adulthood. B. the amount of REM sleep increases over a period of time. C. the amount of REM sleep does not affect brain plasticity or neural growth. D. the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development.
D. the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development.
