CHAPTER 6 - HEALTH PSYC- Richard O. Straub

Animal research studies have shown that chronic stress leads to a dramatic shrinkage and loss of connectivity among neurons in one area of the:

prefrontal cortex.

Primary prevention refers to measures designed to:

prevent illness from developing.

The ______ protects some workers' jobs as they care for new babies or sick family members.

Family and Medical Leave Act

The state called allostatic overload is characterized by:

a predominance of catabolic activity at rest.

Research on the relationship between attitudes and behavior has shown:

a connection between attitudes and behavior.

One measure of physical thriving is:

a fluid allostatic system that flexibly shifts from light to low levels of arousal.

Tailored messaging refers to health messages that are:

designed according to the individual characteristics of participants.

Loss-framed messages are particularly effective in promoting ______ behaviors, whereas gain-framed messages are particularly effective in promoting ______ behaviors.

detection; prevention

Morbidity refers to a state of being:

disabled, ill, or in pain.

An environmental signal that indicates that certain behaviors will be followed by reinforcement is a:

discriminative stimulus.

Discriminative stimuli are:

environmental signals that certain behaviors will be followed by reinforcement.

The capacity of the brain and body to withstand challenges to homeostasis is called:

resilience.

Because he has high blood pressure, Jake watches his diet and takes antihypertension medication. These behaviors are examples of ______ prevention.

secondary

Community-based interventions:

work best when they are multifaceted rather than single-shot campaigns.

According to the health belief model, a man who believes that cancer is a fatal illness and that no good treatment exists for it, and who lives in a community with a relatively low cancer rate will take what action when he finds a lump in his testicle?

He will probably not seek treatment

Health behaviors are:

Health-enhancing behaviors or habits

Which statement is NOT true of people who do not have health insurance (compared with those who do)?

They are more often women than men.

Which statement is NOT true of catabolic reactions?

They build the body.

Which term refers to the body's ability to adapt to stress and to other elements of rapidly changing environments?

allostasis

Which type of metabolism counters arousal and promotes relaxation and healing processes such as protein synthesis?

anabolic

Loss-framed messages are particularly effective with people who are:

approach oriented.

Educational interventions aimed at changing health beliefs:

are effective in increasing health-protective behaviors.

According to the theory of planned behavior, the best way to predict whether a health behavior will occur is to measure a person's:

behavioral intention.

Dennis has just heard a public service message on the hazards of smoking. He is most likely to quit smoking as the result of this campaign if he:

believes that he can perform those behaviors that are necessary to quitting.

The process by which the brain's functioning is shaped by feedback from neuroendocrine systems that are working to maintain homeostasis is:

biological embedding.

Anabolism is to catabolism as:

bodybuilding activities are to activities that break down the body.

Anabolic reactions involve activities that:

build the body.

Which type of intervention focuses on the conditions that elicit health behaviors and the factors that help maintain and reinforce them?

cognitive-behavioral interventions

Which of these is not an anabolic hormone?

cortisol

The hippocampus has large concentrations of receptors for:

cortisol.

Negative emotion spillover and social withdrawal are examples of:

cross-over effects.

One shortcoming of the health belief model is that it:

ignores the importance of perceived barriers to being able to practice a health behavior.

Gary has been diagnosed with pre-diabetes and his dietician has suggested that he reduce the number of sugary snacks he consumes each day. To reduce his temptation to buy and consume these snacks Gary starts shopping at a local farmer's market and subscribes to a healthy eating blog. Gary's behavior demonstrates principles of a:

self-monitoring program.

Kendra wants to cut down on the number of soft drinks in her diet. Her plan begins with a week of careful record-keeping in which she counts the number of soft drinks she consumes each day. This is an example of:

self-monitoring.

Sonya suffers from chronic pancreatitis. Her doctor asks her to lower her intake of fatty foods and to record how she feels after eating to learn which foods trigger a flare up. Sonya's doctor is employing an intervention that relies on the principles of:

self-monitoring.

Most people in the United States who do not have health insurance:

come from working families with incomes above the federal poverty level.

The most widely used health education model is the:

precede/proceed model.

Which statement is true about fear appeals?

High levels of fear can actually backfire and lead to less adherence.

Which statement is NOT true regarding tertiary prevention?

It is more cost-effective than primary prevention.

Research and study findings in positive psychology have been criticized for oversimplifying situations and not taking context into account. An example of this has been the work surrounding psychological trait attributions and abusive-relationship dynamics. Which of statement is TRUE regarding the criticisms levied on the studies conducted?

Labeling certain traits as positive or negative influences what researchers expect to find, creating observer bias.

Research on those individuals who are insured and uninsured since the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2014 has uncovered some interesting trends. Which statement is true regarding the data collected?

Most uninsured individuals come from working families.

Prolonged elevations of catabolic hormones:

damage the body and promote chronic illness.

Maturing out refers to the:

decline in heavy drinking among college students as they grow older.

Lower cortisol levels and stronger immune systems are found in people who:

have a strong sense of control in their lives.

Which theory emphasizes the importance of a perceived susceptibility to a health threat, the perceived severity of the threat, and the perceived benefits of treatment?

health belief model

The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System project identified each of these health-risk behaviors as ones that put young people at risk for premature death and illness EXCEPT:

irregular sleep habits.

The positive psychology movement:

is a strength-based, preventive approach to health behavior research and intervention.

Marsha runs two miles every day after work, rain or shine. When her coworker asks her why she runs on rainy days Marsha says running reduces her level of stress. Marsha maintains her running habit by using:

loss framed messaging.

A health message that focuses on a negative outcome from not performing a health-promoting behavior is a(n) ______ message.

loss-framed

The major finding of the Alameda Health Study was that:

men who regularly practiced seven particular health habits had lower mortality rates than those who practiced few or none of these habits.

After having an argument at work, Jack becomes impatient with his son's behavior at the dinner table. Jack's behavior is an example of:

negative emotion spillover.

Many health behaviors are voluntary and would be classified as:

operant behaviors.

Wearing a seat belt is to ______ prevention as taking chemotherapy to treat a cancerous tumor is to ______ prevention.

primary; tertiary

Which of these family variables has NOT been linked with risky health-related behaviors among adolescents?

single parenthood

After an especially stressful day at work, Connie isn't interested in talking to her family; she just wants to be by herself. Her behavior is an example of:

social withdrawal.

People who tend toward self-enhancement:

tend to be healthy.

A healthy work culture is one in which employees pay attention to:

the people, the environment, and behaviors.

Because he lives in the fraternity house, Carl finds it hard to eat a low-fat diet since his housemates think such a diet is unmanly. According to the theory of planned behavior, Carl's interpretation of his fraternity brothers' views and his failure to eat what he knows is a healthier diet is being influenced by:

the subjective norm.

The adult offspring of problem drinkers are:

themselves at increased risk of abusing alcohol.

Which theory of health behavior emphasizes the importance of perceived behavioral control in attitude formation and behavior change?

theory of planned behavior

Despite growing up in poverty and having a childhood characterized by extreme adversity, Rosa has lived an exceptional life filled with success and well-being in every domain. Rosa exemplifies the outcome called:

thriving.

Which theory contends that people pass through the stages of precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance when altering health-related behaviors?

transtheoretical model

Which theory of health behavior has the practical advantage of allowing health psychologists to match an intervention to the specific needs of each person?

transtheoretical model