Chapter 6 - Internet of Things (IoT)

Things-related services

A characteristic that refers to services that are focused on connected devices or objects

Interconnectivity

A characteristic that refers to the state of being connected or linked together

Heterogeneity

A characteristic that refers to the variety of different elements (hardware or software components)

Zigbee Gateway

A device that acts as a central hub for managing and controlling Zigbee-based smart home or IoT devices.

Cellular Gateways

A device that connects a local network to the internet through cellular networks, such as 4G or 5G.

Sensors or IoT sensors

A device that detects environmental changes and outputs data in analog or digital form .

Wi-Fi Gateways

A device that serves as a bridge or intermediary between a local area network (LAN) and the internet.

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A gateway can be a typical hardware device or software program

Electric Actuators

A mechanical device used to convert electricity into kinetic energy in either a single linear or rotary motion.

Raspberry Pi

A small, affordable computer that can be used for a wide range of projects

Zigbee

A wireless communication protocol designed for low-power, short-range applications.

Stock Market Monitoring

Alert when stock is increasing

Arduino

An open-source microcontroller platform that is designed for building interactive electronic projects.

IoT Edge Devices

Are used to reduce latency, increase efficiency, and improve security by processing data closer to its source.

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Cellular gateways are often used for remote monitoring, IoT (Internet of Things) applications, and as backup connections.

Data Analytics

Combine the data with other sources

Traffic Management

Detect traffic congestion patterns and automatically adjust traffic signal timings

• Temperature sensors • Humidity sensors • Light sensors • Proximity sensors • Pressure sensors • Motion sensors

Different kinds of Sensors:

Actuators or IoT Actuators

Electronic devices that control or manipulate physical devices or systems based on the data collected from sensors.

• Fraud Detection • Traffic Management

Examples of Complex Event Processing (CEP)

• Stock Market Monitoring • IoT Sensor Data Processing

Examples of Event Stream Processing (ESP):

• Wi-Fi Gateways • Cellular Gateways • Zigbee Gateways

Examples of Gateways:

• Motorized valves • Electronic locks • Smart lighting systems • HVAC systems (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning)

Examples of IoT actuators include:

• Amazon Web Services IoT • Microsoft Azure IoT • IBM Watson IoT • Google Cloud IoT

Examples of IoT cloud-based platforms include:

• Edge servers • Edge routers • Edge gateways • Edge computing devices

Examples of IoT edge devices include:

Gateways

Hardware to which the sensor is connected.

Data Processing

Homogenization (e.g. from different sensors) Preprocessing (e.g. filter not required data) Aggregation (e.g. create a 5-minute average)

Fraud Detection

Identify potential credit card fraud by correlating multiple transactions on the same card from different countries

Temperature sensors

Is used to measure temperature.

Wi-Fi Gateway

It allows wireless devices to connect to the internet via Wi-Fi by translating the data between the local network and the internet

Cellular Gateway

It enables devices and systems to access the internet in areas where traditional wired internet connections are not available or practical.

Internet of Things

It is a system of interconnected devices, objects, and machines that are capable of exchanging data and information with each other through the internet.

Arduino

It is commonly used for prototyping and building small-scale, custom electronics applications.

Event

New data is produced when a state changes (produced in a certain sequence)

Edge computing devices

Pieces of physical hardware connected to an edge computing platform that serve to collect and transmit data.

• Raspberry Pi • Arduino

Popular single-board computers and microcontrollers:

IoT Sensor Data Processing

Process data from various IoT sensors in real-time. Alarm when the temperature in a data center exceeds

Edge gateways

Processes data from edge devices, sending back relevant data, providing network translation between networks using different protocols and ultimately reducing bandwidth needs.

IoT cloud-based platforms

Responsible for collecting and analyzing data from sensors and providing insights and recommendations based on the data.

Data Source

Sensor data - examples from industry machines, cars, smart phones, single-board computers etc.

Edge routers

Specialized routers located at a network boundary that enables an internal network to connect to external networks.

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The collection of events -the event stream - has to be processed and analyzed in the same manner (real-time and consecutive)

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The data that is processed is being produced continuously

Hydraulic Actuators

These actuators use hydraulic fluid to amplify the control command system

Things

These are any object from everyday items

IoT Edge Devices

These are devices that process data locally, at the edge of the network, rather than sending it to the cloud for processing.

Sensors or IoT sensors

These are electronic devices that detect and measure physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, pressure, or motion.

Actuators or IoT Actuators

These are responsible for carrying out actions, such as opening or closing valves, turning on or off lights, or adjusting temperature settings.

Gateways

These are responsible for managing communication protocols, data storage, and security.

Edge servers

These are servers (compute resources) that run the processing at an edge location, which can be anywhere along the edge spectrum - usually from on-premises edge to regional edge.

Commercial IoT

These are used in healthcare and transport industries ( Monitoring System)

Industrial IoT

These are used with industrial application (smart agriculture - smart tractors)

IoT cloud-based platforms

These cloud-based services provide data storage, processing, and analysis capabilities for IoT systems.

Consumer IoT

These devices are for everyday use. (ex. Home appliances)

Military Things

These devices are used in Military field (ex. Human wearable biometrics for combat)

Internet of Things

These devices can be anything from smartphones, wearables, sensors, to household appliances.

Sensors or IoT sensors

They are the primary source of data, providing real-time information that can be used to monitor and control devices or processes.

Infrastructure IoT

They are used for connectivity in smart cities. (ex. Smart lighting, waste management)

Electric Actuators

This actuator includes electric motors, DC and AC motors, stepper motors and Solenoids

Dynamic changes

This characteristic refers to alterations, modifications, or transformations that occur in a system

Enormous scale

This characteristic refers to the management of a vast amount of data

Event Stream Processing (ESP)

This focuses on processing and analyzing raw streaming data in real-time

Zigbee Gateway

This gateway allows users to interact with and control Zigbee devices, such as smart lights, thermostats, and sensors, using a smartphone or other interfaces.

Complex Event Processing (CEP)

This includes analysis and advanced techniques, such as pattern matching to obtain deeper insights

Complex Event Processing (CEP)

This is focused on identifying complex patterns or sequences of events

Data Source

This is the location where data that is being used originates from. A data source may be the initial location where data is born or where physical information is first digitized

Data Processing

This refers to the collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful information

• Electric Actuators • Hydraulic Actuators • Pneumatic Actuators

Types of Actuators:

Motion sensors

Used to detect motion.

Proximity sensors

Used to detect the presence of nearby objects.

Humidity sensors

Used to measure humidity levels.

Light sensors

Used to measure light levels.

Pressure sensors

Used to measure pressure.

Pneumatic Actuators

Uses compressed air as the driving force

• Interconnectivity • Things-related services • Heterogeneity • Dynamic changes • Enormous scale

What are the characteristics of IoT?

• Consumer IoT • Commercial IoT • Military Things • Industrial IoT • Infrastructure IoT

What are the different types of IoT devices?

Event Stream Processing (ESP) or Complex Event Processing (CEP)

What are the technologies used for real-time data analysis and decision-making, particularly in the context of handling large volumes of streaming data.

Internet of Things

What does IoT stand for?

Internet of Things is Internet of Everything

What is the definition of IoT for CISCO?

Internet of Things is Smarter Planet

What is the definition of IoT for IBM?

Event Stream Processing (ESP) or Complex Event Processing (CEP)

What is the full process of processing event data called?

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Wi-Fi gateways are commonly found in homes and businesses to provide wireless internet access.