Chapter 6 - Learning

When considering Pavlov's dogs, how would you permanently extinguish the association between the bell and food?

By ringing the bell and then never providing food

Which of the following is an example of an emotional response learned through classical conditioning?

Not going to the dentist because one time you underwent a painful procedure

In contrast to the modern cognitive psychological understanding of human learning, ____ believed that people could learn through mechanistic unthinking manner

Pavlov

Ivan______ developed the principles of classical conditioning.

Pavlov

Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?

Stimulus discrimination

Define classical conditioning

The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic, inborn response.

The frequency and timing of reinforcement that follows desired behavior is referred to as

a schedule of reinforcement

When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is called the _________ response.

unconditioned

Positive punishment is which of the following?

addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior

A(n)____-interval schedule of reinforcement is a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed

fixed

Even severe psychological disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can be explained by ________ conditioning.

classical

The form of associative learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called_____ conditioning

classical

the experience of our mouth watering when we smell fresh-baked bread is an example of how_____ applies to humans

classical conditioning

What is the term for mental representation of spatial locations and directions?

cognitive map

After little Albert was _____ to fear white rats, he also fears similar object such as white rabbits

conditioned

By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov eventually got the dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. In this context the salivation elicited by the sound of the bell is called the ____________ response.

conditioned response

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response because of its pairing with a stimulus that causes that response is called the

conditioned stimulus

Classical____ can apply to negative experiences and feelings.

conditioning

Behavior that is reinforced every time it happens is called

continuous reinforcement

In______ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time, whereas in______ reinforcement, the reinforcer is present some of the time.

continuous,partial

Stimulus_____ occurs when two stimuli are clearly different and one brings on a conditioned response but the other one does not.

discrimination

Rewards are positive and reinforcers are

either positive or negative

When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, ________ has occurred.

extinction

A dog has learned to salivate to a bell, but the bell no longer means that food is coming. If this failure to pair the bell with food occurs often enough, the dog will stop salivating to the bell. In other words, the salivation response will have been_____

extinguished

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a ____ stimulus

neutral

Carlos wanted his dog to come when he whistled. He decided to give his dog a treat every fourth time he came. Carlos used a_____ schedule.

fixed-ratio

The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses follows a set number of responses is called a(n)___ schedule of reinforcement

fixed-ratio

The pattern of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement requires a set number of responses is called a(n)____ schedule.

fixed-ratio

When trying to pair conditioned stimuli to unconditioned stimuli, the unconditioned stimulus:

follows the conditioned stimulus

Which of the following are primary reinforcers?

food and sex

When a person has a conditioned response to one stimulus, and later also responds to other, similar stimuli, this known as stimulus

generalization

Positive reinforcement occurs when something that an individual wants____ in an effort to increase a behavior

is presented to that individual

When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increase the frequency of that behavior,_____ is said to have occurred.

negative reinforcement

Punishment will tend to

reduce the frequency of a behavior

When Polly's parrot made a sound, she gave it a treat. After a few times, Polly only gave the parrot a treat when I t made a sound that began with a "k" sound. Later, she rewarded the parrot when it began a sound with"kr." Eventually, Polly's parrot said"cracker." This is an example of

shaping

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called_____ recovery

spontaneous

What classical conditioning concept best explains why it's hard to overcome a drug addiction and stay clean?

spontaneous recovery

A pigeon in a laboratory setting pecks at a yellow disk and when a blue disk is presented, pecks at that as well. The pigeon is demonstrating_____

stimulus generalization

The more similar two stimuli are, the more likely ___ ____ will occur

stimulus generalization

Negative punishment is____

the removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior

The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement changes is called a

variable ratio schedule

Amanda's general psychology teacher gives quizzes that vary from one every three days to one every three weeks and averaging about one every two weeks. Which type of reinforcement schedule describes this?

variable-interval schedule