Chapter 6 - Learning

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. C. Fear is a conditioned response. D. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful. A. evolutionary B. social learning C. behavioral D. the cognitive

A. Evolutionary

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. learning B. conditioning C. reflexes D. instincts

A. Learning

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. extinction B. acquisition C. conditioning D. learning

A. extinction

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. A. model B. response C. stimulus D. cognition

A. model

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. A. unconditioned stimulus B. conditioned stimulus C. conditioned response D. unconditioned response

C. Conditioned Response

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? A. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. B. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. C. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. D. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.

C. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A. Blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B. Rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables C. Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student D. Determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

C. Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which of the following is an example of instinct? A. a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents. B. a teacher demonstrating algebra to students C. baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked D. believing that nudity is wrong

C. baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"? A. They did not have the permission of Albert's mother to conduct the research. B. The provided no compensation to Albert's mother for his participation in the study. C. It did not use multiple pairings of an UCS with a NS. D. It would be unethical by today's research standards.

D. It would be unethical by today's research standards.

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. A. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents B. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character C. after dreaming they were on television D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. conditioned B. primary C. partial D. latent

D. latent

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? A. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them. B. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself. C. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. D. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.

A. Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

According to psychologist ________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and the CS. A. Rescorla B. Koelling C. Garcia D. Thorndike

A. Rescorla

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. cognitive map B. fixed ratio map C. fixed interval map D. latent map

A. cognitive map

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. imitation D. modeling

A. operant conditioning

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. primary B. continuous C. partial D. secondary

B. continuous

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________. A. learning B. instincts C. conditioning D. reflexes

B. instincts

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. neutral response and a conditioned response B. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus C. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response D. neutral stimulus and a neutral response

B. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this? A. operant B. observational C. conditioning D. classical

B. observational

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A. secondary B. primary C. operant D. classical

B. primary

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room B. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red D. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing

B. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? A. reinforcement B. shaping C. acquisition D. learning

B. shaping

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? A. deciding that you want to be a parent B. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light C. addressing your elders as sir or ma'am because that is how you were raised D. jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship

B. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________. A. latent learning B. operant conditioning C. spontaneous recovery D. second-level conditioning

C. spontaneous recovery