Chapter 6: Learning

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. UCS alone; continuous UCS alone; intermittent CS + UCS; intermittent CS + UCS; continuous

CS+UCS continous

Taking medication is

example of operant conditioning, specifically negative reinforcement

Pavlov

-discovered classical conditioning and experimented with salivating dogs, founder of experimental side of psych

learning

any experience that results in a change in behavior

operant conditioning/instrumental conditioning

-associating events/behaviors with their consequences -voluntary/conscious so must shape behavior first -skinner factors affecting operant conditioning -size of reinforcement/punishment -immediacy of reinforcement (sooner the better) -motivation of learner *careful of overjustification effect-if you enjoy something and it is rewarded, you might stop doing it

behaviorism

-father was watson -believed that input= output -all behavior can be studied by looking at stimulus and response -for psych to be science must shift away from internal mental processe that can not be seen or measured

limitations of punishment

-models the wrong thing -acts as positive reinforcemnt for punisher -can injure -damages relations -leads to agressive imitation -are not generalized to the behavior, so when punisher leaves the behavior continutes alternatives-behavior modification through positive reinforcement

Bandura

-social congitive theory -bobo doll and child modeling after the agreesive adult -works for both prosocial and antisocial behaviors -disproved freudian idea that watching agression reduces your aggression

ANY ASSOCIATION

IS A RESULT OF CONDITIONING

Edward Toleman

Latent learning, learning that becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it, rats ran faster through maze after being rewarded, only when you need it His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. rats without food go thorugh maze and rats rewarded with food go through maze, idea of congitive map

terminology for classical conditioning

acquisition-intial period of learning where organism associated NS to UCS extinction-decrease in CR when CS is presented because the UCS is no longer presented with the CS spontaneous recovery-return of CR after rest period stimulus discrimination- ability to distinguish between two similar stimuli which is the CS and which is not stimulus generalization- exhibiting CR when a stimulus similar to CS is presented habitutation-no response to stimulus after repeatedly presented without change systematic desensitization-extinguishing the CR by repeating the CS without the US

reflex and instinct

both unlearned, born with it reflex is motor or neura reaction to stimulus using primitive CNS (pupil dilation or knee jerk) instinct is a complex behavior triggered by things like aging and seasons, involve higher brain (migration)

Taste Aversion is

classical conditioning

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect? He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. He found that emotions can be a conditioned response. He disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner.

he found that emotions can be a conditioned response (this was watson and little albert)

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park your brother refusing to play with you learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters

teaching yourself yoga

Watson

-studied classical conditioning in little albery experiment -showed phobia is classically conditioned, contradicting freud that it was unconscious process -skinner box

classical conditioning

-unconscious and involuntary -pavlov and his dog experiment started this and watson extended this to emotions not jsut reflexes -a neutral stimulus is paired with a UCS UCS-unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits reflexive response in organism UCR-unconditioned response natural unlearned reaction to stimulus NS-neutral stimulus that does not naturally elicit response CS-conditioned stimulus that elicits response after being paired with UCS CR-behavior caused by conditioned stimulus second order conditioning works (where you pair a NS + CS+ UCS) but higher than that does not work -the NS is presented BEFORE the US

observational learning

-watching and imitating -uses social and congitive processes (as shown by Edward Toleman and mice in maze experiment) -bandura and bobo experiment -uses mirror neurons -uses models (live,verbal, fictional) -requires attention, retention, reproduction, motivation (affected by vicarious reinforcement and punishment)

associative learning

making connection between stimuli/events

terms for operant conditioning

punishment-any consequence that DECREASES the target behavior reinforcement- any consequence that INCREASES target behavior positive- you add something, event starts negative-you take away something, a negative event stops shaping-successively rewarding behavior that is similar to target behavior primary reinforcer-water, food, sleep, sex, pleasure, touch secondary reinforcer-stickers, money, affirmation continous reinforcement-quickest way to teach behavior, quickest to become extinct partial reinforcement- most effective can have fixed ratio (every 10 stickers) , fixed interval (every 10 minutes), variable interval (every 1-5 minutes), variable ratio (every 5-10 sales) *most effective is variable ratio (partial variable) and least effective is fixed interval -examples of positive reinforcement-high five, cookies, -examples of negative reinforcement-seat belt beeping stops, headache stops when you take pill, alarm clock stops when you wake up, hunger stops when you eat -reinforcement or punishment occurs AFTER the response