Chapter 6

Calcitonin is secreted by which cells?

C cells (parafollicular cells) in the thyroid gland

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its primary secreting organ? FSH - ovaries estrogen - ovaries calcitonin - thyroid gland All of the above are matched correctly.

FSH - ovaries

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

GH (growth hormone)

____ almost always occur in hyperthyroidism and result from increased cell numbers and cell size in the thyroid gland as thyroid hormone production increases.

Goiters

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

What is the significance of the slight swelling (called a goiter) in Krista's neck?

It is a sign that her thyroid gland is overactive.

A MRI is a radiological tool that best looks at soft tissues; a regular X-ray and CT scan view hard tissues better. If a physician wishes to view the pituitary gland itself, it is best to use a __________; if the physician wishes to view the sella turcica, bone encasing the pituitary gland, it is best to use the __________.

MRI; X-ray

An abnormally high level of which of the following will result in goiter?

TSH

An increase in ____from the anterior pituitary will increase levels of thyroid hormone. The high levels of thyroid hormone will not be able to inhibit the anterior pituitary by negative feedback due to the presence of the tumor.

TSH

Destroying or removing the thyroid gland will cause thyroid hormone levels to plummet. This will cause an increase in the secretion of ____ from the pituitary.

TSH

Increased thyroid hormone levels will inhibit the release of _____ from the pituitary.

TSH

Krista's treatment will likely involve destroying or surgically removing her thyroid gland. What effect will this have on her level of TSH?

TSH will increase.

______ is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A slow-acting hormone that enters the nucleus is _____.

Thyroxine

Tropic hormones can be stimulatory or inhibitory.

True (Hypothalamic tropic hormones can increase or decrease secretion of anterior pituitary tropic hormones.)

Under normal conditions, increased levels of thyroid hormone in the blood will cause _______.

a decrease in TSH levels

Hypophysis is another term for __________.

a primary endocrine organ

A pituitary adenoma is a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes hypersecretion of growth hormone. Which of the following conditions can be caused by an excess in secretion of this hormone in adults?

acromegaly

Where is the thyroid gland located?

adjacent to the trachea in the neck

The target cells for the hormone ACTH are located in the _______.

adrenal cortex

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes the chemical messengers that bind to adrenergic receptors?

adrenal medulla

The cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete .

aldosterone

ADH and oxytocin __________.

are neurohormones

What hormone causes the loss of sodium and water, thus lowering blood pressure.

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Tropic hormones include which of the following? ACTH both ACTH and CRH cortisol cortisol, ACTH and CRH CRH

both ACTH and CRH

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces what steroid hormone?

cortisol (cortisol is produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland and helps the body deal with stress by increasing plasma glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.)

Using this assay, glucose concentration is _______.

directly proportional to optical density

Suppose Krista's hyperthyroidism was a result of a tumor that causes the anterior pituitary gland to become overactive. Which of the following would Krista's lab reports likely show?

high thyroid hormone, high TSH

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

hypothalamus

What hormone promotes glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle?

insulin ( insulin promotes glucose uptake into cells and promotes glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle, thus decreasing plasma glucose.)

Glucagon __________.

is secreted in response to low blood glucose

One side effect of anabolic steroids in males is testicular atrophy. This is due to the fact that the excessive presence of synthetic testosterone acts like very high natural levels of testosterone, negatively feeding back on the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. This suppresses natural testosterone secretion by the testes and they atrophy. This is akin to __________.

long loop negative feedback

Which type of feedback refers to a hormone released by a target gland, which results in decreased production of hormones in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

long loop negative feedback

What amine hormone helps coordinate body activities with the light-dark cycle?

melatonin

Since the anterior pituitary hormones are water-soluble, their target cell receptors are located __________.

on the outside surface of the cell membrane

Antagonistic chemicals have _______ affects.

opposing

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? growth hormone (GH) oxytocin adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) prolactin

oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?

oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism? thyroxine TRH oxytocin TSH

oxytocin

The parathyroid glands secrete ______, which removes calcium from bones to increase blood calcium. This excess calcium in the plasma can lead to increased nerve excitation and muscle cramps.

parathyroid hormone

Which of the patients tested was(were) in the borderline range for insulin-mediated glucose uptake?

patients 2 and 4

Which of the patients tested was(were) in the diabetic range?

patients 3 and 5

A hypophysectomized rat is missing its _______.

pituitary gland

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

plasma membrane receptors

Gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) are all hormones secreted by __________.

secondary endocrine organs

In this experiment, optical density is measured using a _______.

spectrophotometer

The combination of Tylenol with a drug called codeine provides more relief than either drug can provide alone. This is known as __________.

synergism

Often,when endocrine glands are stimulated to secrete hormones at a higher rate, the endocrine cells become larger and the organ as a whole becomes hypertrophied. Someone who is chronically under a lot of stress might display hypertrophy of which organ?

the adrenal glands

High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______.

the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that inhibits sodium reabsorption by the kidneys. Which organ secretes this hormone?

the heart

Which of the following is considered a secondary endocrine organ? the thymus the thyroid the liver the pineal gland

the liver

Why did the TSH have NO effect on the BMR of the thyroidectomized rat?

the rat was missing it's thryroid gland

The ______is a butterfly or H-shaped gland in the anterior region of the neck just inferior to the larynx, with the lobes extending to each side of the trachea.

thyroid

Which of the following is NOT secreted by the thyroid? calcitonin triiodothyronine thyroxine thyroid-stimulating hormone

thyroid-stimulating hormone

The hypothalamus communicates with the anterior pituitary gland via __________.

tropic hormones released into a portal vein

Glucose remains in the bloodstream as a result of _______.

type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Which part of the adrenal gland secretes the hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by the kidneys?

zona glomerulosa

The adrenal glands secrete

"stress hormones" like cortisol and catecholamines.

Describes the way hormones are secreted from the adenohypophysis;

A tropic hormone from the hypothalamus travels through the portal vein to the adenohypophysis, where a second tropic hormone is secreted.

The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) onto the anterior pituitary to stimulate secretion of __________?

ACTH

__________ increases the production and secretion of the hormone that regulates stress.

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

CRH hormone stimulates the release of __________.

ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone* (CRH Corticotropin-releasing hormone* is released by the hypothalamus and causes ACTH to be released from the anterior pituitary gland.)

Which of the following is NOT characterized by high levels of cortisol in the blood? Cushing's disease Cushing's syndrome iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome Addison's disease

Addison's disease

Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome is _______. physician induced a result of treatment with glucocorticoid hormones often referred to as "steroid diabetes" All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Hyposecretion of insulin by the pancreas would cause which of the following? inability of cells to use glucose for energy excretion of glucose in urine (glucosuria) increase in blood glucose levels All of the listed choices are correct.

All of the listed choices are correct.

Cortisol is often referred to as a "stress hormone" because it is secreted in response to both psychological and physical stress. This hormone also aids in blood glucose regulation. If an increase in cortisol secretion leads to a decreased insulin secretion, what action do you think cortisol has on blood sugar?

Cortisol acts to increase blood glucose.

If insulin secretion is inhibited, that means that blood sugar is increased.

Cortisol acts to increase blood sugar.

Cushing's disease is caused by a pituitary adenoma, resulting in an increase in blood cortisol; Cushing's syndrome is an elevated cortisol level as the result of some other cause. If a patient has an elevated cortisol level and they are found to have a tumor of the adrenal cortex, the condition would be diagnosed as __________.

Cushing's syndrome

Which of the following is an example of long loop negative feedback? Excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) leads to increased secretion of cortisol. Excess growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) leads to decreased growth hormone (GH) secretion. Excess thyroid hormone leads to a decreased release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Excess growth hormone (GH) leads to decreased secretion of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH).

Excess thyroid hormone leads to a decreased release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

If the testes naturally produced more testosterone, it would feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland to inhibit secretion of ____ &____.

GnRH and LH. (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and Luteinizing hormone)

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

Phosphorylate proteins.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its secreting organ? thyroxine - thyroid gland TSH - posterior pituitary TRH - hypothalamus triiodothyronine - thyroid gland

TSH - posterior pituitary

If the anterior pituitary is responsible for hyperthyroidism, the level of __________ will be __________ along with the levels of T3 and T4, which are the thyroid hormones; the level of TRH from the hypothalamus will be ___________.

TSH; elevated; reduced

Which of the following is FALSE regarding secretion of hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary glands? Anterior pituitary tropic hormones cause release of hormones from another primary endocrine organ. Hypothalamic tropic hormones are neurohormones. Anterior pituitary tropic hormones are secreted from endocrine cells, not neurons. The portal vein supplies both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands with blood.

The portal vein supplies both the anterior and posterior pituitary glands with blood.( The portal vein supplies only the anterior pituitary gland.)

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are examples of hormones with __________ effects.

antagonistic

Cortisol and insulin have __________ effects on blood glucose level.

antagonistic (opposite)

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesized?

anterior pituitary ( the anterior pituitary is a master gland, producing many hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, and several other hormones that stimulate other glands in the body.)

A decrease in the level of thyroxine would increase the secretion of _______.

both TSH and TRH

Which of the following improved the vertebral bone density of the rats?

both calcitonin and estrogen

The magnification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.

cAMP in the cytoplasm

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with one of its functions? FSH - stimulates ovarian follicle growth calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity estrogen - provides protection against osteoporosis All of the above are matched correctly.

calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Which of the following is NOT regulated by hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland? calcium levels cortisol levels metabolic rate growth and development

cortisol levels

Long loop negative feedback

describes the mechanism by which the hormone whose secretion was stimulated by the tropic hormone of the anterior pituitary gland feeds back to either the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland, inhibiting its secretion.

The anterior pituitary hormones are water-soluble peptides, therefore they _________ a carrier protein.

do not require

A functioning adenoma of the lactotrophs, which are the cells that secrete prolactin, may be treated with a drug that is the same as prolactin inhibiting hormone; that drug is __________.

dopamine

In a nonfunctioning adenoma of the corticotrophs, which are the cells that secrete ACTH, the CRH level will be __________, and the __________ level will be reduced.

elevated; cortisol

The adrenal medulla secretes.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates which of the following amine hormones?

epinephrine from the adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine are amine hormones (catecholamines) secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to an increase in the sympathetic nervous system.)

Which of the following showed the greatest improvement in vertebral bone density for the rats?

estrogen

Replacement therapies for which two hormones were tested in this experiment?

estrogen and calcitonin

Peptide hormones include which of the following?

follicle-stimulating hormone and calcitonin

Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymerized glucose?

glucagon

Glucose is stored in the human body as _______.

glycogen

The islets of Langerhans __________.

have more beta cells than alpha cells (approximately twice as many beta cells as alpha cells)

Which of the following glands and hormones are correctly matched? hypothalamus—thyrotropin releasing hormone thyroid gland—thyroid stimulating hormone posterior pituitary gland—thyroid stimulating hormone anterior pituitary gland—thyrotropin releasing hormones

hypothalamus—thyrotropin releasing hormone

An elderly man has been evaluated by a physician and told that he has a secondary hyposecretion disorder of the parathyroid glands. What sign or symptom might this patient display?

increased nerve excitability and muscle cramps

Which of the following hormones would be metabolized at the fastest rate in the blood? cortisol thyroid hormone testosterone insulin

insulin (is a protein hormone which doesn't need a carrier protein. Carrier proteins prevent hormones from being degraded in the blood so quickly.)

Erythropoietin is a hormone which stimulates production of red blood cells (RBCs) in bone marrow. This hormone is secreted by which secondary endocrine organ?

kidneys

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

negative feedback

Inhibiting osteoclast activity would prevent _______.

osteopenia and osteoporosis

The baseline T score for the rats was indicative of _______.

osteoporosis, because their ovaries were removed

Glucagon is secreted from the _____ when blood sugar is low. Glucagon travels to the liver and promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

pancreas

The hormone epinephrine binds to ß adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells of the bronchioles, causing them to dilate (increase in diameter). Thyroid hormone is essential for the synthesis of ß adrenergic receptors; therefore, in the absence of thyroid hormone, epinephrine cannot trigger bronchodilation. This concept if known as __________.

permissiveness

Pituitary microadenomas are less than 1 cm in diameter. Most functioning pituitary adenomas are microadenomas. A very small functioning microadenoma of the pituitary, that does not compress surrounding structures, may be most likely initially treated __________.

pharmacologically

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

phosphodiesterase (Phosphodiesterase degrades cyclic AMP into AMP)

Which endocrine structure is NOT involved in secretion of thyroid hormones? thyroid gland anterior pituitary posterior pituitary hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

A young woman has a tumor on her thyroid gland, which is preventing it from secreting normal levels of thyroid hormone. Classify this type of endocrine disorder.

primary hyposecretion disorder (Since the gland is secreting abnormally low levels, this is a hyposecretion disorder, at the actual endocrine gland (thyroid gland), this is a primary secretion disorder.)

Propylthiouracil injections resulted in goiter formation in _______.

the normal rat

The injection of TSH resulted in goiter in _______.

the normal rat and the hypophysectomized

Excess glucose can be found in the urine _______.

when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes